【PAT甲级 - C++题解】1053 Path of Equal Weight

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1053 Path of Equal Weight

Given a non-empty tree with root $R$ , and with weight $W_i$ assigned to each tree node $T_i$ . The weight of a path from $R$ to $L$ is defined to be the sum of the weights of all the nodes along the path from $R$ to any leaf node $L$ .

Now given any weighted tree, you are supposed to find all the paths with their weights equal to a given number. For example, let’s consider the tree showed in the following figure: for each node, the upper number is the node ID which is a two-digit number, and the lower number is the weight of that node. Suppose that the given number is 24, then there exists 4 different paths which have the same given weight: {10 5 2 7}, {10 4 10}, {10 3 3 6 2} and {10 3 3 6 2}, which correspond to the red edges in the figure.

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Input Specification:

Each input file contains one test case. Each case starts with a line containing 0< $N$ ≤100, the number of nodes in a tree, $M$ (< $N$ ), the number of non-leaf nodes, and 0< $S$ <230, the given weight number. The next line contains $N$ positive numbers where $W_i$ (<1000) corresponds to the tree node $T_i$ . Then $M$ lines follow, each in the format:
ID K ID[1] ID[2] ... ID[K]
where ID is a two-digit number representing a given non-leaf node, K is the number of its children, followed by a sequence of two-digit ID’s of its children. For the sake of simplicity, let us fix the root ID to be 00.

Output Specification:

For each test case, print all the paths with weight S in non-increasing order. Each path occupies a line with printed weights from the root to the leaf in order. All the numbers must be separated by a space with no extra space at the end of the line.

Note: sequence { $A_1,A_2,⋯,A_n$ } is said to be greater than sequence { $B_1,B_2,⋯,B_m$ } if there exists $1≤k<min\{n,m\}$ such that $A_i=B_i$ for i=1,⋯,k, and $A_{k+1}>B_{k+1}$ .

Sample Input:
20 9 24
10 2 4 3 5 10 2 18 9 7 2 2 1 3 12 1 8 6 2 2
00 4 01 02 03 04
02 1 05
04 2 06 07
03 3 11 12 13
06 1 09
07 2 08 10
16 1 15
13 3 14 16 17
17 2 18 19
Sample Output:
10 5 2 7
10 4 10
10 3 3 6 2
10 3 3 6 2

题意

给定一个值 $S$ ，要求在树中从根结点到叶子结点的所有路径中找到路径权值之和等于 $S$ 的路径。

假设给定数为 24 ，则存在 4 个具有相同给定权重的不同路径：{10 5 2 7}，{10 4 10}，{10 3 3 6 2}，{10 3 3 6 2}，已经在图中用红色标出。

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第一行包含三个整数 $N, M, S$ ，分别表示树的总节点数量，非叶子节点数量，给定权重数字。

第二行包含 $N$ 个整数 $W_i$ ，表示每个节点的权重。

接下来 $M$ 行，每行的格式为：

ID K ID[1] ID[2] ... ID[K]

ID 是一个两位数字，表示一个非叶子结点编号， $K$ 是一个整数，表示它的子结点数，接下来的 $K$ 个 ID[i] 也是两位数字，表示一个子结点的编号。

出于方便考虑，根节点固定为 00 ，且树中所有节点的编号为 00∼N−1 。

输出以单调递减的顺序输出所有权重为 $S$ 的路径。

注意：这里单调递减指的是结果路径中按照字典序单调递减，比如 {4,1,5,3} 要比 {4,0,5,3} 和 {4,0,5,3,4} 都要大。

思路

利用邻接矩阵来存储每个结点之间的关系。
通过递归的方式寻找路径：
1. 首先要判断当前结点是否为叶子结点。
2. 如果是叶子结点则再判断当前路径之和是否等于 $S$ ，如果等于则将当前路径加入答案数组 ans 中。
3. 如果不是叶子结点则需要继续遍历其所有的孩子结点。
利用 sort 函数自带的排序性质即会自动按照字典序进行排序，只需要加一个 greater<vector<int>>() 的标志，表示以降序的方式排序。
输出最终结果，注意每行末尾不能有空格。

代码

#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

const int N = 110;
int n, m, S;
int w[N];
bool g[N][N];
vector<vector<int>> ans;

void dfs(int u, int s, vector<int>& path)
{
    //判断当前结点是否为叶子结点
    bool is_leaf = true;
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
        if (g[u][i])
        {
            is_leaf = false;
            break;
        }

    if (is_leaf) //如果是叶子结点
    {
        if (s == S)    ans.push_back(path);
    }
    else    //如果不是叶子结点
    {
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
        {
            if (!g[u][i])    continue;
            path.push_back(w[i]);
            dfs(i, s + w[i], path);
            path.pop_back();
        }
    }
}

int main()
{
    cin >> n >> m >> S;

    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)    cin >> w[i];  //输入每个结点的权值

    for (int i = 0; i < m; i++)    //输入所有结点的信息
    {
        int id, k;
        cin >> id >> k;
        while (k--)
        {
            int son;
            cin >> son;
            g[id][son] = true;
        }
    }

    vector<int> path = { w[0] };
    dfs(0, w[0], path);

    //sort会自动按照字典序的方式进行排序
    sort(ans.begin(), ans.end(), greater<vector<int>>());

    for (auto p : ans)
    {
        cout << p[0];
        for (int i = 1; i < p.size(); i++) cout << " " << p[i];
        cout << endl;
    }

    return 0;
}