callbacks&loggers

if RANK in [-1, 0]:
        loggers = Loggers(save_dir, weights, opt, hyp, LOGGER)  # loggers instance
        if loggers.wandb:
            data_dict = loggers.wandb.data_dict
            if resume:
                weights, epochs, hyp = opt.weights, opt.epochs, opt.hyp

        # Register actions
        for k in methods(loggers):
            callbacks.register_action(k, callback=getattr(loggers, k))

在train.py里面这一段代码是讲Loggers类里面的方法register给了callbacks，之后直接通过调用callbacks来画图，记录等操作，这里再详细讲解一下Callbacks代码。

getattr如果是get的方法的则会返回方法的地址，如果是一些变量则会是变量的值。setattr对于一般的类可以添加类中没有的属性，但是对于一般的变量类型不能添加，这里常用的应该是argparse的类，可以添加，修改args。

在register_action方法中，传入的参数hook为方法的名字，为str类型，callback为方法的地址，即可以认为是方法本身实体，name永远是‘’，即一个空字符串。然后会把对应的方法放入self._callbacks中的各个键值下的列表中，列表中也还是一个字典，其中callback是对应的方法地址，可以调用，也就是在run里面 logger[‘callback’](*args, **kwargs)。

class Callbacks:
    """"
    Handles all registered callbacks for YOLOv5 Hooks
    """

    def __init__(self):
        # Define the available callbacks
        self._callbacks = {
            'on_pretrain_routine_start': [],
            'on_pretrain_routine_end': [],

            'on_train_start': [],
            'on_train_epoch_start': [],
            'on_train_batch_start': [],
            'optimizer_step': [],
            'on_before_zero_grad': [],
            'on_train_batch_end': [],
            'on_train_epoch_end': [],

            'on_val_start': [],
            'on_val_batch_start': [],
            'on_val_image_end': [],
            'on_val_batch_end': [],
            'on_val_end': [],

            'on_fit_epoch_end': [],  # fit = train + val
            'on_model_save': [],
            'on_train_end': [],

            'teardown': [],
        }

    def register_action(self, hook, name='', callback=None):
        """
        Register a new action to a callback hook

        Args:
            hook        The callback hook name to register the action to
            name        The name of the action for later reference
            callback    The callback to fire
        """
        assert hook in self._callbacks, f"hook '{hook}' not found in callbacks {self._callbacks}"
        assert callable(callback), f"callback '{callback}' is not callable"
        self._callbacks[hook].append({'name': name, 'callback': callback})

    def get_registered_actions(self, hook=None):
        """"
        Returns all the registered actions by callback hook

        Args:
            hook The name of the hook to check, defaults to all
        """
        if hook:
            return self._callbacks[hook]
        else:
            return self._callbacks

    def run(self, hook, *args, **kwargs):
        """
        Loop through the registered actions and fire all callbacks

        Args:
            hook The name of the hook to check, defaults to all
            args Arguments to receive from YOLOv5
            kwargs Keyword Arguments to receive from YOLOv5
        """

        assert hook in self._callbacks, f"hook '{hook}' not found in callbacks {self._callbacks}"

        for logger in self._callbacks[hook]:
            logger['callback'](*args, **kwargs)

实际上用来打印在屏幕上的是LOGGER全部大写的这个，这个在general.py中已经建立，如下:

def set_logging(name=None, verbose=True):
    # Sets level and returns logger
    for h in logging.root.handlers:
        logging.root.removeHandler(h)  # remove all handlers associated with the root logger object
    rank = int(os.getenv('RANK', -1))  # rank in world for Multi-GPU trainings
    logging.basicConfig(format="%(message)s", level=logging.INFO if (verbose and rank in (-1, 0)) else logging.WARNING)
    return logging.getLogger(name)


LOGGER = set_logging(__name__)  

是比较简单的只是设置了打印方式和等级，名称等，使用全局变量可以在各个文件里面传递，事实上train，val，detect都是用这个打印在屏幕上。

下方这个Loggers类的作用目前看好像是只是建立了一些方法，之后把这些方法给callback，本身并没有用处很多。

class Loggers():
    # YOLOv5 Loggers class
    def __init__(self, save_dir=None, weights=None, opt=None, hyp=None, logger=None, include=LOGGERS):
        self.save_dir = save_dir
        self.weights = weights
        self.opt = opt
        self.hyp = hyp
        self.logger = logger  # for printing results to console
        self.include = include
        self.keys = ['train/box_loss', 'train/obj_loss', 'train/cls_loss',  # train loss
                     'metrics/precision', 'metrics/recall', 'metrics/mAP_0.5', 'metrics/mAP_0.5:0.95',  # metrics
                     'val/box_loss', 'val/obj_loss', 'val/cls_loss',  # val loss
                     'x/lr0', 'x/lr1', 'x/lr2']  # params
        for k in LOGGERS:
            setattr(self, k, None)  # init empty logger dictionary
        self.csv = True  # always log to csv

        # Message
        if not wandb:
            prefix = colorstr('Weights & Biases: ')
            s = f"{prefix}run 'pip install wandb' to automatically track and visualize YOLOv5 🚀 runs (RECOMMENDED)"
            print(emojis(s))

        # TensorBoard
        s = self.save_dir
        if 'tb' in self.include and not self.opt.evolve:
            prefix = colorstr('TensorBoard: ')
            self.logger.info(f"{prefix}Start with 'tensorboard --logdir {s.parent}', view at http://localhost:6006/")
            self.tb = SummaryWriter(str(s))

        # W&B
        if wandb and 'wandb' in self.include:
            wandb_artifact_resume = isinstance(self.opt.resume, str) and self.opt.resume.startswith('wandb-artifact://')
            run_id = torch.load(self.weights).get('wandb_id') if self.opt.resume and not wandb_artifact_resume else None
            self.opt.hyp = self.hyp  # add hyperparameters
            self.wandb = WandbLogger(self.opt, run_id)
        else:
            self.wandb = None

    def on_pretrain_routine_end(self):
        # Callback runs on pre-train routine end
        paths = self.save_dir.glob('*labels*.jpg')  # training labels
        if self.wandb:
            self.wandb.log({"Labels": [wandb.Image(str(x), caption=x.name) for x in paths]})

    def on_train_batch_end(self, ni, model, imgs, targets, paths, plots, sync_bn):
        # Callback runs on train batch end
        if plots:
            if ni == 0:
                if not sync_bn:  # tb.add_graph() --sync known issue https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5/issues/3754
                    with warnings.catch_warnings():
                        warnings.simplefilter('ignore')  # suppress jit trace warning
                        self.tb.add_graph(torch.jit.trace(de_parallel(model), imgs[0:1], strict=False), [])
            if ni < 3:
                f = self.save_dir / f'train_batch{ni}.jpg'  # filename
                Thread(target=plot_images, args=(imgs, targets, paths, f), daemon=True).start()
            if self.wandb and ni == 10:
                files = sorted(self.save_dir.glob('train*.jpg'))
                self.wandb.log({'Mosaics': [wandb.Image(str(f), caption=f.name) for f in files if f.exists()]})

    def on_train_epoch_end(self, epoch):
        # Callback runs on train epoch end
        if self.wandb:
            self.wandb.current_epoch = epoch + 1

    def on_val_image_end(self, pred, predn, path, names, im):
        # Callback runs on val image end
        if self.wandb:
            self.wandb.val_one_image(pred, predn, path, names, im)

    def on_val_end(self):
        # Callback runs on val end
        if self.wandb:
            files = sorted(self.save_dir.glob('val*.jpg'))
            self.wandb.log({"Validation": [wandb.Image(str(f), caption=f.name) for f in files]})

    def on_fit_epoch_end(self, vals, epoch, best_fitness, fi):
        # Callback runs at the end of each fit (train+val) epoch
        x = {k: v for k, v in zip(self.keys, vals)}  # dict
        if self.csv:
            file = self.save_dir / 'results.csv'
            n = len(x) + 1  # number of cols
            s = '' if file.exists() else (('%20s,' * n % tuple(['epoch'] + self.keys)).rstrip(',') + '\n')  # add header
            with open(file, 'a') as f:
                f.write(s + ('%20.5g,' * n % tuple([epoch] + vals)).rstrip(',') + '\n')

        if self.tb:
            for k, v in x.items():
                self.tb.add_scalar(k, v, epoch)

        if self.wandb:
            self.wandb.log(x)
            self.wandb.end_epoch(best_result=best_fitness == fi)

    def on_model_save(self, last, epoch, final_epoch, best_fitness, fi):
        # Callback runs on model save event
        if self.wandb:
            if ((epoch + 1) % self.opt.save_period == 0 and not final_epoch) and self.opt.save_period != -1:
                self.wandb.log_model(last.parent, self.opt, epoch, fi, best_model=best_fitness == fi)

    def on_train_end(self, last, best, plots, epoch, results):
        # Callback runs on training end
        if plots:
            plot_results(file=self.save_dir / 'results.csv')  # save results.png
        files = ['results.png', 'confusion_matrix.png', *(f'{x}_curve.png' for x in ('F1', 'PR', 'P', 'R'))]
        files = [(self.save_dir / f) for f in files if (self.save_dir / f).exists()]  # filter

        if self.tb:
            import cv2
            for f in files:
                self.tb.add_image(f.stem, cv2.imread(str(f))[..., ::-1], epoch, dataformats='HWC')

        if self.wandb:
            self.wandb.log({"Results": [wandb.Image(str(f), caption=f.name) for f in files]})
            # Calling wandb.log. TODO: Refactor this into WandbLogger.log_model
            if not self.opt.evolve:
                wandb.log_artifact(str(best if best.exists() else last), type='model',
                                   name='run_' + self.wandb.wandb_run.id + '_model',
                                   aliases=['latest', 'best', 'stripped'])
                self.wandb.finish_run()
            else:
                self.wandb.finish_run()
                self.wandb = WandbLogger(self.opt)