类unix系统wait函数扫盲

简介

wait, waitpid 等待进程状态发送变化

用法

#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>

pid_t wait(int *status);
pid_t waitpid(pid_t pid, int *status, int options);

All of these system calls are used to wait for state changes in a child of the calling process, and obtain information about the child whose state has changed. A state change is
considered to be: the child terminated; the child was stopped by a signal; or the child was resumed by a signal. In the case of a terminated child, performing a wait allows the
system to release the resources associated with the child; if a wait is not performed, then the terminated child remains in a “zombie” state

等待被调用的子进程状态发生变化，这些状态包括：进程终止、收到信号停止，恢复。在进程终止的情况下执行wait允许系统释放与子进程关联的资源，如果没有执行wait则终止的子进程会处于僵尸状态。

PS：父进程死了，子进程活着。这时候子进程会成为精灵进程，一般后台的常驻都是这种实现。
：子进程死了，父进程活着，执行wait了释放子进程资源，没有执行资源不释放成为僵尸进程。

详细用法

pid：
    < -1   等待所有进程组id等于pid绝对值的子进程。
    -1     等待所有的子进程。
     0     等待所有的进组id等于被调进程组id的子进程。
     > 0   等待进程id等于pid的子进程。
option：
  0
  WNOHANG   非阻塞，没有进程退出也立即返回。
  WUNTRACED 如果一个子进程暂停函数返回(无法被ptrace跟踪)，即使没开此选项也会返回的。
  WCONTINUED 如果一个暂停的子进程通过SIGCONT信号恢复，函数也返回。
status：
If status is not NULL, wait() and waitpid() store status information in the int to which it points.  This integer can be inspected with the following macros.
WIFEXITED(status):正常结束返回true,exit(返回值),或者主函数return。
WEXITSTATUS(status)：获取返回码，只有在WIFEXITED(status)为true情况下才使用。
WIFSIGNALED(status)：进程被信号终止返回true。
WTERMSIG(status):获取终止的信号，只有在WIFSIGNALED(status)为true情况下使用。
WCOREDUMP(status)：如果进程产生corefile返回真，只有在WIFSIGNALED(status)为true情况下使用，并且WCOREDUMP宏存在。
WIFSTOPPED(status)：如果进程被暂停返回true，在WUNTRACED选项下使用。
WSTOPSIG(status)：获得暂停的信号，只有在WIFSTOPPED(status)为true的情况下使用。
WIFCONTINUED(status)：如果进程被SIGCONT信号恢复返回true。
return：
  wait(): on success, returns the process ID of the terminated child; on error, -1 is returned.
  waitpid(): on success, returns the process ID of the child whose state has changed; if WNOHANG was        specified and one or more child(ren) specified by pid exist, but have  not  yet changed state,
  then 0 is  returned.  On error, -1 is returned.
error:
ECHILD:The calling process does not have any unwaited-for children.
EINTR  WNOHANG was not set and an unblocked signal or a SIGCHLD was caught.
EINVAL The options argument was invalid.

举个栗子

#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
   pid_t cpid, w;
   int status;

   cpid = fork();
   if (cpid == -1) 
   {
	   perror("fork");
	   exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
   }

   if (cpid == 0) 
   {            
	   printf("Child PID is %ld\n", (long) getpid());
	   if (argc == 1)
	   {
			pause();                    /*Wait for signals*/ 
	   }
	   _exit(atoi(argv[1]));

   } 
   else /* Code executed by parent */
   {                    
	   do {
		   w = waitpid(cpid, &status, WUNTRACED | WCONTINUED);
		   if (w == -1) 
		   {
			   perror("waitpid");
			   exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
		   }

		   if (WIFEXITED(status)) 
		   {
			   printf("exited, status=%d\n", WEXITSTATUS(status));
		   } 
		   else if (WIFSIGNALED(status)) 
		   {
			   printf("killed by signal %d\n", WTERMSIG(status));
		   } 
		   else if (WIFSTOPPED(status)) 
		   {
			   printf("stopped by signal %d\n", WSTOPSIG(status));
		   } 
		   else if (WIFCONTINUED(status)) 
		   {
			   printf("continued\n");
		   }
	   } while (!WIFEXITED(status) && !WIFSIGNALED(status));
	   
	   exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
   }
   return 0;
}

运行

==>gcc waitpid.c -o ww
==>./ww 0
Child PID is 117208
exited, status=0
==>./ww 10
Child PID is 117221
exited, status=10
==>./ww &
[1] 117236
==>Child PID is 117237
kill -SIGSTOP 117237
stopped by signal 19
==>kill -SIGCONT 117237
continued
==>kill -SIGTERM 117237
==>killed by signal 15

[1]+  Done                    ./ww