文章目录
Servlet简介
Servlet就是sun公司开发动态web的一门技术,如果你想开发一个Servlet程序,只需要完成两个小步骤:
- 编写一个类,实现Serlet接口
- 把开发好java类部署到web服务器中。
这里的web服务器,我们使用的是Tomcat
HelloServlet
Serlvet接口有两个默认的实现类:HttpServlet,GenericServled
创建步骤:
1、构建一个普通的Maven项目,在里面建立一个Moudel。可以勾选上使用默认模板,webapp,注意建包过程中选择Maven的一些版本、配置和仓库位置。
在父工程pom中
<modules>
<module>servlet-01</module>
</modules>
在子工程的pom中
<parent>
<artifactId>javaweb-02-servlet</artifactId>
<groupId>com.tunan</groupId>
<version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
</parent>
这些是自动生成的,可以去看一下。
2、修改web.xml为最新的
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<web-app xmlns="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_4_0.xsd"
version="4.0"
metadata-complete="true">
</web-app>
3、编写一个普通类,实现Servlet接口,这里我们直接继承HttpServlet
然后重写其中的doGet和doPost方法,在doPost方法里调用doGet即可。
public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {
//由于get或者post只是请求实现的不同的方式,可以相互调用,业务逻辑都一样;
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//ServletOutputStream outputStream = resp.getOutputStream();
PrintWriter writer = resp.getWriter(); //响应流
writer.print("Hello,Serlvet");
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
4、编写Servlet的映射
为什么需要映射:我们写的是JAVA程序,但是要通过浏览器访问,而浏览器需要连接web服务器,所以我们需要在web服务中注册我们写的Servlet,还需给他一个浏览器能够访问的路径;
<!--注册Servlet-->
<servlet>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.tunan.servlet.HelloServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<!--Servlet的请求路径-->
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
关于servlet的mapping映射,这里一个servlet可以指定一个或者多个映射路径,也可以使用通配符*来实现一些前缀或者后缀
5、配置Tomcat
注意:配置项目发布的路径就可以了
7、启动测试即可
Servlet原理
这里贴上狂神老师上课所画的一个图
ServletContext
web容器在启动的时候,它会为每个web程序都创建一个对应的ServletContext对象,它代表了当前的web应用;
它的功能有:
共享数据
在一个Servlet中保存的数据,可以在另外一个servlet中拿到;
public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//this.getInitParameter() 初始化参数
//this.getServletConfig() Servlet配置
//this.getServletContext() Servlet上下文
ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
String username = "tunan"; //数据
context.setAttribute("username",username); //将一个数据保存在了ServletContext中,名字为:username 。值 username
}
}
public class GetServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
String username = (String) context.getAttribute("username");
resp.setContentType("text/html");
resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
resp.getWriter().print("名字"+username);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
也就是说,这个context 凌驾于所有servlet之上,所有servlet都可以使用它
注意:每写完一个servlet都要求web.xml中更新它的映射
获取初始化参数
<!--配置一些web应用初始化参数-->
<context-param>
<param-name>url</param-name>
<param-value>jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mybatis</param-value>
</context-param>
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
String url = context.getInitParameter("url");
resp.getWriter().print(url);
}
请求转发
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
System.out.println("进入了ServletDemo04");
//RequestDispatcher requestDispatcher = context.getRequestDispatcher("/gp"); //转发的请求路径
//requestDispatcher.forward(req,resp); //调用forward实现请求转发;
context.getRequestDispatcher("/gp").forward(req,resp);
}
读取properties资源
注意这里的路径分为在java目录下新建properties和在resources目录下新建properties,具体路径要看编译之后的classes路径,我们将这个路径称为classpath类路径
public class ServletDemo05 extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
InputStream is = this.getServletContext().getResourceAsStream("/WEB-INF/classes/com/tunan/servlet/aa.properties");
Properties prop = new Properties();
prop.load(is);
String user = prop.getProperty("username");
String pwd = prop.getProperty("password");
resp.getWriter().print(user+":"+pwd);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
HttpServletResponse
web服务器接收到客户端的http请求,针对这个请求,分别创建一个代表请求的HttpServletRequest对象,代表响应的一个HttpServletResponse;
- 如果要获取客户端请求过来的参数:找HttpServletRequest
- 如果要给客户端响应一些信息:找HttpServletResponse
1、向浏览器输出消息
调用resp.getWriter().print("你的内容");
即可
2、下载文件
这里给出一个下载文件的操作案例,操作步骤以及代码如下:
- 要获取下载文件的路径
- 下载的文件名是啥?
- 设置想办法让浏览器能够支持下载我们需要的东西
- 获取下载文件的输入流
- 创建缓冲区
- 获取OutputStream对象
- 将FileOutputStream流写入到bufer缓冲区
- 使用OutputStream将缓冲区中的数据输出到客户端!
/**
* @author Tunan
* @Date 2021/8/31 17:41
*/
public class FileServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//1.获取下载文件的路径
String realPath = "D:\\IdeaProjects\\javaweb-servlet-01\\response\\src\\main\\resources\\1.png";
System.out.println("下载文件的路径:"+realPath);
//2.下载的文件名
String fileName = realPath.substring(realPath.lastIndexOf("\\" + 1));
//3.使浏览器支持我们的下载
resp.setHeader("Content-disposition","attachment;filename="+fileName);
//4.获取下载文件的输入流
FileInputStream in = new FileInputStream(realPath);
//5.创建缓冲区
int len = 0;
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
//6.获取OutputStream对象
ServletOutputStream out = resp.getOutputStream();
//7.将FileOutputStream流写入到buffer缓冲区,使用OutputStream将缓冲区内容输出到客户端
while ((len=in.read(buffer))>0) {
out.write(buffer,0,len);
}
//8.关闭流
out.close();
in.close();
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
3、实现验证码功能
package com.tunan.servlet;
import javax.imageio.ImageIO;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Random;
public class ImageServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//如何让浏览器3秒自动刷新一次;
resp.setHeader("refresh","3");
//在内存中创建一个图片
BufferedImage image = new BufferedImage(80,20,BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
//得到图片
Graphics2D g = (Graphics2D) image.getGraphics(); //笔
//设置图片的背景颜色
g.setColor(Color.white);
g.fillRect(0,0,80,20);
//给图片写数据
g.setColor(Color.BLUE);
g.setFont(new Font(null,Font.BOLD,20));
g.drawString(makeNum(),0,20);
//告诉浏览器,这个请求用图片的方式打开
resp.setContentType("image/jpeg");
//网站存在缓存,不让浏览器缓存
resp.setDateHeader("expires",-1);
resp.setHeader("Cache-Control","no-cache");
resp.setHeader("Pragma","no-cache");
//把图片写给浏览器
ImageIO.write(image,"jpg", resp.getOutputStream());
}
//生成随机数
private String makeNum(){
Random random = new Random();
String num = random.nextInt(9999999) + "";
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
for (int i = 0; i < 7-num.length() ; i++) {
sb.append("0");
}
num = sb.toString() + num;
return num;
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
4、实现重定向
重定向与请求转发的区别:
相同点:页面都会实现跳转
不同点:请求转发的时候url不会变;重定向url地址栏会发生变化
@override
protected void doGet(HttpservletRequest req, HttpservletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
resp. sendRedirect("/r/img");//重定向
}
HttpServletRequest
HttpServletRequest代表客户端的请求,用户通过Http协议访问服务器, HTTP请求中的所有信息会被封装到HttpServletRequest,通过这个HttpServletRequest的方法,获得客户端的所有信息;
实现登录功能
首先整个的架构是这样的,注意工程里的web.xml要换成最新的以及在里面进行servlet的注册
因为要使用jsp,所以要导入jsp的依赖
<dependency>
<groupId>javax.servlet</groupId>
<artifactId>javax.servlet-api</artifactId>
<version>4.0.1</version>
<scope>compile</scope>
</dependency>
登陆页面index.jsp
<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<html>
<head>
<title>登录</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>登录</h1>
<div style="text-align: center">
<form action="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/login" method="post">
用户名:<input type="text" name="username"> <br>
密码:<input type="password" name="password"> <br>
爱好:
<input type="checkbox" name="hobbys" value="亚洲">亚洲
<input type="checkbox" name="hobbys" value="日韩">日韩
<input type="checkbox" name="hobbys" value="欧美">欧美
<br>
<input type="submit">
</form>
</div>
</body>
</html>
成功后的跳转页面success.jsp
<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<html>
<head>
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>登录成功</h1>
</body>
</html>
servlet类
public class LoginServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//解决中文乱码
resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
req.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
String username = req.getParameter("username");
String password = req.getParameter("password");
String[] hobbys = req.getParameterValues("hobbys");
System.out.println("=================================");
System.out.println(username);
System.out.println(password);
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(hobbys));
System.out.println("=================================");
//解决中文乱码
resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
//通过请求转发
req.getRequestDispatcher("/success.jsp").forward(req, resp);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
实现效果: