Linux目录标准

根据Unix FHS(Filesystem Hierarchy Standard)的建议，类Unix的文件系统遵循一定的标准，此只作为参考，而不是让编程人员当做手册。

root fs中的内容必须能够启动，恢复和修复系统。为了启动系统，需要在root分区装有足够的工具来挂载其他的文件系统，这些包括utilities, configuration, boot loader information等。

一级目录

root fs由于以下几点原因会被保持得比较小

1.偶尔会mount到非常小的设备上

2.root fs包含许多系统定制化的配置文件。比如定制化到某个系统的kernel等。意味着root fs通常不能再网络文件系统中共享。所以在网络系统中让它尽量小，可以姐还是呢过不共享文件占用的空间。

如下的目录和符号链接需要放入 /

Directory	Description
bin	Essential command binaries
boot	Static files of the boot loader
dev	Device files
etc	Host-specific system configuration
lib	Essential shared libraries and kernel modules
media	Mount point for removeable media
mnt	Mount point for mounting a filesystem temporarily
opt	Add-on application software packages
sbin	Essential system binaries
srv	Data for services provided by this system
tmp	Temporary files
usr	Secondary hierarchy
var	Variable data

如果下面的目录存在，也必须放入/中

Directory	Description
home	User home directories (optional)
lib<qual>	Alternate format essential shared libraries (optional)
root	Home directory for the root user (optional)

/bin

目的：当系统中没有其他文件系统被挂载时（如single user模式），包含着管理员和普通用户需要用到的命令。通常也被脚本间接地调用。

要求：/bin目录下不能含有子目录

如下需要放入/bin目录

Command	Description
cat	Utility to concatenate files to standard output
chgrp	Utility to change file group ownership
chmod	Utility to change file access permissions
chown	Utility to change file owner and group
cp	Utility to copy files and directories
date	Utility to print or set the system data and time
dd	Utility to convert and copy a file
df	Utility to report filesystem disk space usage
dmesg	Utility to print or control the kernel message buffer
echo	Utility to display a line of text
false	Utility to do nothing, unsuccessfully
hostname	Utility to show or set the system's host name
kill	Utility to send signals to processes
ln	Utility to make links between files
login	Utility to begin a session on the system
ls	Utility to list directory contents
mkdir	Utility to make directories
mknod	Utility to make block or character special files
more	Utility to page through text
mount	Utility to mount a filesystem
mv	Utility to move/rename files
ps	Utility to report process status
pwd	Utility to print name of current working directory
rm	Utility to remove files or directories
rmdir	Utility to remove empty directories
sed	The `sed' stream editor
sh	The Bourne command shell
stty	Utility to change and print terminal line settings
su	Utility to change user ID
sync	Utility to flush filesystem buffers
true	Utility to do nothing, successfully
umount	Utility to unmount file systems
uname	Utility to print system information

如果下面文件存在，也必须放入/bin目录下

Command	Description
csh	The C shell (optional)
ed	The `ed' editor (optional)
tar	The tar archiving utility (optional)
cpio	The cpio archiving utility (optional)
gzip	The GNU compression utility (optional)
gunzip	The GNU uncompression utility (optional)
zcat	The GNU uncompression utility (optional)
netstat	The network statistics utility (optional)
ping	The ICMP network test utility (optional)

/boot：包含boot loader的静态文件

目的：此目录包含了启动过程中需要的一切。因此/boot目录存放的数据被使用时，kernel还没有运行用户态程序。

要求：操作系统内核必须放入/boot中。

/dev：存放设备文件

目的：

/etc：主机系统配置文件目录

目的：存放了配置文件。一个配置文件控制一个程序的操作，它必须是static，且不是可执行文件。

如果安装了如下子系统，如下的配置文件必须放入/etc中。

File	Description
csh.login	Systemwide initialization file for C shell logins (optional)
exports	NFS filesystem access control list (optional)
fstab	Static information about filesystems (optional)
ftpusers	FTP daemon user access control list (optional)
gateways	File which lists gateways for routed (optional)
gettydefs	Speed and terminal settings used by getty (optional)
group	User group file (optional)
host.conf	Resolver configuration file (optional)
hosts	Static information about host names (optional)
hosts.allow	Host access file for TCP wrappers (optional)
hosts.deny	Host access file for TCP wrappers (optional)
hosts.equiv	List of trusted hosts for rlogin, rsh, rcp (optional)
hosts.lpd	List of trusted hosts for lpd (optional)
inetd.conf	Configuration file for inetd (optional)
inittab	Configuration file for init (optional)
issue	Pre-login message and identification file (optional)
ld.so.conf	List of extra directories to search for shared libraries (optional)
motd	Post-login message of the day file (optional)
mtab	Dynamic information about filesystems (optional)
mtools.conf	Configuration file for mtools (optional)
networks	Static information about network names (optional)
passwd	The password file (optional)
printcap	The lpd printer capability database (optional)
profile	Systemwide initialization file for sh shell logins (optional)
protocols	IP protocol listing (optional)
resolv.conf	Resolver configuration file (optional)
rpc	RPC protocol listing (optional)
securetty	TTY access control for root login (optional)
services	Port names for network services (optional)
shells	Pathnames of valid login shells (optional)
syslog.conf	Configuration file for syslogd (optional)

/home:用户根目录

/lib:必要的共享库和内核模块

目的： 此目录包含的libvrary images是启动系统时和在root fs运行命令时需要的，比如/bin 和/sbin

要求：下类文件需要放入此目录。

File	Description
libc.so.*	The dynamically-linked C library (optional)
ld*	The execution time linker/loader (optional)

/media:可且在媒体设备的挂载点

目的：此目录中的子目录是作为各种可卸载设备的挂载点，如floppy disks, cdroms .

/mnt:临时文件系统的挂载点

目的：做临时挂载用，此目录不能被安装程序使用，应该使用系统中空闲的目录作为替换。

/opt：附加的应用程序软件包，用于自行安装软件的位置，不过一般都安装在/usr/local中

目的：A package to be installed in /opt must locate its static files in a separate /opt/<package> or /opt/<provider> directory tree, where <package> is a name that describes the software package and <provider> is the provider's LANANA registered name.

/root:root user的Home目录

/sbin:系统二进制文件

目的：Utilities used for system administration (and other root-only commands) are stored in /sbin, /usr/sbin, and /usr/local/sbin. root用户的命令都是/sbin目录下的

/sbin contains binaries essential for booting, restoring, recovering, and/or repairing the system in addition to the binaries in /bin. [18] Programs executed after /usr is known to be mounted (when there are no problems) are generally placed into /usr/sbin. Locally-installed system administration programs should be placed into /usr/local/sbin.

如下执行文件应放入该目录下

Command	Description
fastboot	Reboot the system without checking the disks (optional)
fasthalt	Stop the system without checking the disks (optional)
fdisk	Partition table manipulator (optional)
fsck	File system check and repair utility (optional)
fsck.*	File system check and repair utility for a specific filesystem (optional)
getty	The getty program (optional)
halt	Command to stop the system (optional)
ifconfig	Configure a network interface (optional)
init	Initial process (optional)
mkfs	Command to build a filesystem (optional)
mkfs.*	Command to build a specific filesystem (optional)
mkswap	Command to set up a swap area (optional)
reboot	Command to reboot the system (optional)
route	IP routing table utility (optional)
swapon	Enable paging and swapping (optional)
swapoff	Disable paging and swapping (optional)
update	Daemon to periodically flush filesystem buffers (optional)

/srv:系统提供的service data

/tmp:临时文件，

二级目录

/usr，s shareable, read-only data.

 is the second major section of the filesystem. /usr is shareable, read-only data. That means that /usr should be shareable between various FHS-compliant hosts and must not be written to. Any information that is host-specific or varies with time is stored elsewhere.

Large software packages must not use a direct subdirectory under the /usr hierarchy.

要求：

Directory	Description
bin	Most user commands
include	Header files included by C programs
lib	Libraries
local	Local hierarchy (empty after main installation)
sbin	Non-vital system binaries
share	Architecture-independent data

/usr/bin: Most user commands

目的：这时系统中最主要的可执行命令

The following files, or symbolic links to files, must be in /usr/bin, if the corresponding subsystem is installed:

Command	Description
perl	The Practical Extraction and Report Language (optional)
python	The Python interpreted language (optional)
tclsh	Simple shell containing Tcl interpreter (optional)
wish	Simple Tcl/Tk windowing shell (optional)
expect	Program for interactive dialog (optional)

/usr/include: Directory for standard include files.

目的：This is where all of the system's general-use include files for the C programming language should be placed.

/usr/lib: Libraries for programming and packages

目的：/usr/lib includes object files, libraries, and internal binaries that are not intended to be executed directly by users or shell scripts.

/usr/local: is for use by the system administrator when installing software locally. 

The following directories, or symbolic links to directories, must be in /usr/local

Directory	Description
bin	Local binaries
etc	Host-specific system configuration for local binaries
games	Local game binaries
include	Local C header files
lib	Local libraries
man	Local online manuals
sbin	Local system binaries
share	Local architecture-independent hierarchy
src	Local source code

/usr/sbin:Non-essential standard system binaries

/var：此目录包含的是可变数据文件。包括spool directory, log file等。

其下应包含如下目录：

Directory	Description
cache	Application cache data
lib	Variable state information
local	Variable data for /usr/local
lock	Lock files
log	Log files and directories
opt	Variable data for /opt
run	Data relevant to running processes
spool	Application spool data
tmp	Temporary files preserved between system reboots

一般还包含如下特殊目录：

Directory	Description
account	Process accounting logs (optional)
crash	System crash dumps (optional)
games	Variable game data (optional)
mail	User mailbox files (optional)
yp	Network Information Service (NIS) database files (optional)

/var/cache  is intended for cached data from applications. Such data is locally generated as a result of time-consuming I/O or calculation. The application must be able to regenerate or restore the data. Unlike  /var/spool , the cached files can be deleted without data loss. The data must remain valid between invocations of the application and rebooting the system.

/var/chash:

This directory holds system crash dumps. As of the date of this release of the standard, system crash dumps were not supported under Linux but may be supported by other systems which may comply with the FHS.

/var/lib:

This hierarchy holds state information pertaining to an application or the system. State information is data that programs modify while they run, and that pertains to one specific host. Users must never need to modify files in  /var/lib  to configure a package's operation.

State information is generally used to preserve the condition of an application (or a group of inter-related applications) between invocations and between different instances of the same application. State information should generally remain valid after a reboot, should not be logging output, and should not be spooled data.

/var/log: 日志文件和目录

This directory contains miscellaneous log files. Most logs must be written to this directory or an appropriate subdirectory.

File	Description
lastlog	record of last login of each user
messages	system messages from syslogd
wtmp	record of all logins and logouts

/var/spool:

/var/spool represents work to be done in the future (by a program, user, or administrator); often data is deleted after it has been processed