一文带你掌握C++模版

12. C++模板

什么是模板

模板编程也可以叫做泛型编程，忽略数据类型的一种编程方式

//求最值问题
int  Max(int a,int b)
{
	return a>b?a:b;    
}
double Max(int a,int b)
{
	return a>b?a:b;        
}
string Max(string a,string b)
{
	return a>b?a:b;        
}
//引入模板编程
template <typename  type>   //告诉编译器，下面会用到一个未知类型叫做type
type Max(type a,type b)
{
	return a>b?a:b;        
}

模板代码

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
template <typename type> 
type Max(type a, type b) 
{
	return a > b ? a : b;
}
//typename 可以用class 替换
template <class T>
void print(T data) 
{
	cout << data << endl;
}

int main() 
{
	//隐式调用
	cout << Max(1, 2) << endl;
	cout << Max(1.1, 2.2) << endl;
	//string 和char* 有区别
	cout << Max(string("1ILoveyou"), string("2IMissyou")) << endl;
	//显示调用 <>传类型的参数
	cout << Max<int>(1, 2) << endl;		//type=int  a=1 b=2
	cout << Max<string>(string("1"), string("2")) << endl;
	cout << Max<double>(1.2, 1.3) << endl;
	return 0;
}

函数模板

函数模板重载问题

• 函数模板和普通函数

• 函数模板和函数模板

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
//No.1 模板与普通函数
int Max(int a, int b) 
{
	cout << "普通函数..." << endl;
	return a > b ? a : b;
}
template <class T>
T Max(T a, T b) 
{
	cout << "模板" << endl;
	return a > b ? a : b;
}
//No.2 模板与模板
template <class type1,class type2,class type3>
void print(type1 one, type2 two, type3 three) 
{
	cout << "三只" << endl;
}

template <class type1,class type2>				//type1=int type2=double
void print(type1 one, type1 two, type2 tow)     //int int double
{
	cout << "两只" << endl;
}
template <class type>
void print(type one, type two, type three) 
{
	cout << "一只" << endl;
}


int main() 
{
	cout << Max<int>(1, 2) << endl;		//显式调用，百分百调用模板
	cout << Max(1, 2) << endl;			//优先调用类型确定的函数
	cout << "显示调用" << endl;
	print<int, double, string>(1, 1.1, string("23"));
	print<int, double>(1, 1, 1.22);
	print<int>(1, 2, 3);
	cout << "隐式调用" << endl;
	print(1, 1, 2);						//需要传参越少先调用
	print(1, 1, string("sdsd"));		
	print(1, 1.11, string("sdsd"));		//只有一种选择
	return 0;
}

类成员函数是函数模板

//这种不叫做模板类型
class  MM 
{
public:
	template <class T>
	void print(T data) 
	{
		cout << data << endl;
	}
protected:

};
int main()
{
    MM mm;
	mm.print(1);
	mm.print<string>("string");
	return 0;    
}

函数模板缺省

函数模板缺省和函数参数的缺省是一样的规则

//函数模板缺省
template <class type1,class type2=string>
void printData(type1 one, type2 two) 
{
	cout << one << endl;
	cout << two << endl;
}
int main()
{

    printData<int, double>(1, 1.22);
	printData<int>(1, string("dsfsdf"));
    return 0;
}

函数模板传常量

//函数模板传常量
template <class T,size_t size>
void printArray(T* array) 
{
	for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) 
	{
		cout << array[i] << " ";
	}
	cout << endl;
}
int main()
{
	int num[3] = { 1,2,3 };
	printArray<int, 3>(num);
	//下面代码报错
	//int length = 3;
	//printArray<int, length>(num);
	string str[4] = { "sdds","sd","sdsd" ,"sdds"};
	printArray<string, 4>(str);
    return 0;
}

类模板

类模板的基础

• 怎么写类模板

• 类模板不是一个完整类型，所以任何用到类名的地方都需要用类名<未知类型>的方式使用

• 怎么去使用类模板，类模板必须采用显式调用方式

• 类模板在多文件中不能分开写

• 可以写在.hpp文件中(声明和实现都在一起)

#include <iostream>
#include <map>
using namespace std;
template <class type1,class type2>
struct my_pair 
{
	type1 first;		//键
	type2 second;		//值
	my_pair(type1 first, type2 second) :first(first), second(second) {}
	my_pair() = default;
};
template <class type1,class type2>
my_pair<type1, type2> my_make_pair(type1 one, type2 two) 
{
	return my_pair<type1, type2>(one, two);
}

template <class type1,class type2>
class Test 
{
public:
	Test(type1 one, type2 two) :one(one), two(two) 
	{

	}
	void printTest();
protected:
	type1 one;
	type2 two;
};
template <class type1, class type2>
void Test<type1,type2>::printTest() 
{
	cout << one << " " << two << endl;
}

template <class type1,class type2>
class Data :public Test<type1,type2> 
{
public:
	Data(type1 one, type2 two) :Test<type1, type2>(one, two) 
	{

	}
protected:
};


int main() 
{
	my_pair<int,int> pairData = { 1,2 };
	cout << pairData.first << " " << pairData.second << endl;
	my_pair<int, string>* p = new my_pair<int, string>;
	p->first = 12;
	p->second = "sdsd";
	cout << p->first << " " << p->second << endl;
	
	Data<int, int>  data(1, 2);
	data.printTest();

	//标准库中的pair类型
	pair<int, string> pD(1, "ILoveyou");
	cout << pD.first << " " << pD.second << endl;

	pair<int, string> testData = make_pair<int, string>(1, "sdfsdf");
	my_pair<int, string> my_testData =my_make_pair<int, string>(1, "sdfsdf");

	return 0;
}

类模板特化问题

• 局部特化
• 完全特化

特化的目的是为了适应不同数据的不同处理

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
template <class _Ty1,class _Ty2,class _Ty3>
class Data
{
public:
	Data(_Ty1 one, _Ty2 two, _Ty3 three) :one(one), two(two), three(three) {}
	void printData()
	{
		cout << (one + two + three) << endl;
	}
private:
	_Ty1 one;
	_Ty2 two;
	_Ty3 three;
};

//局部特化
//两个数据,打印两数之差
template <class _Ty1,class _Ty2>
class Data<_Ty1,_Ty1,_Ty2> 
{
public:
	Data(_Ty1 one, _Ty2 two) :one(one), two(two){}
	void printData()
	{
		cout << (one -two) << endl;
	}
private:
	_Ty1 one;
	_Ty2 two;
};
//只有一个数据,打印数据
template <class _Ty1>
class Data<_Ty1,_Ty1,_Ty1>
{
public:
	Data(_Ty1 one) :one(one){}
	void printData()
	{
		cout << one << endl;
	}
private:
	_Ty1 one;
};

//完全特化
template <>
class Data<string, string, string> 
{
public:
	Data(string one,string two,string three):one(one),two(two),three(three)
	{

	}
	void printData();
private:
	string one;
	string two;
	string three;
};
void Data<string,string,string>::printData()
{
	cout << one << " " << two << " " << three << endl;
}

int main() 
{

	Data<int, int, int> data1(1);
	data1.printData();
	Data<int,int, double> data2(2, 1);
	data2.printData();
	Data<int, double, float> data3(1, 1.1, 1.2f);
	data3.printData();
	Data<string, string, string> data4("dsd","sdfd","sdfdsf");
	data4.printData();
	return 0;
}

模板操作自定义类型

模板操作自定义关键点在于重载

#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
using namespace std;


class MM 
{
public:
	MM() = default;
	MM(string name, int age) :name(name), age(age) {}
	friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const MM& object) 
	{
		out << object.name << " " << object.age;
		return out;
	}
private:
	string name;
	int age;
};

template <class _Ty>
void printData(_Ty data)
{
	cout << data << endl;
}

template <class _Ty1,class _Ty2,class _Ty3>
class Data
{
public:
	//_Ty1=MM, _Ty2=int, _Ty3=int
	Data(_Ty1 one, _Ty2 two, _Ty3 three) :one(one), two(two), three(three)
	{

	}
	void printData() 
	{
		cout << one << " " << two << " " << three << endl;
	}
private:
	_Ty1 one;
	_Ty2 two;
	_Ty3 three;
};

int main()
{
	printData(1);
	printData("string");
	MM mm = { "小芳",18 };
	printData(mm);

	Data<MM, int, int> data(MM("小芳",18),98,99);
	data.printData();

	Data<MM, MM, MM> mmData(MM("小芳", 18), MM("小芳", 18), MM("小芳", 18));
	mmData.printData();
	return 0;
}

模板嵌套模板

• 关键点在于大家自己要清楚类型如何表示（类型是由类名<类型>表示一个类型）

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
template <class _Ty1,class _Ty2,class _Ty3>
class Data 
{
public:
	Data(_Ty1 one, _Ty2 two, _Ty3 three) :one(one), two(two), three(three) {}
	void printData() 
	{
		cout << one << " " << two << " " << three << endl;
	}
	friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, Data<_Ty1, _Ty2, _Ty3>& object)
	{
		out << object.one << " " << object.two << " " << object.three;
		return out;
	}
protected:
	_Ty1 one;
	_Ty2 two;
	_Ty3 three;
};

template <class _Ty1, class _Ty2>
class Info
{
public:
	Info(_Ty1 one, _Ty2 two) :one(one), two(two) {}
	void printData()
	{
		cout << one << " " << two << endl;
	}
	//template <class _Ty1, class _Ty2>  类中实现不需要修饰了，会出现重定义问题
	friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, Info<_Ty1, _Ty2>& object)
	{
		out << object.one << " " << object.two << " ";
		return out;
	}
protected:
	_Ty1 one;
	_Ty2 two;

};
template <class _Ty1>
class Student
{
public:
	Student(_Ty1 one) :one(one) {}
	void printData() 
	{
		cout << one << endl;
	}
protected:
	_Ty1 one;
};


int main() 
{
	Data<int, int, int> data(1,1,1);  //Data<int, int, int>
	Info<int, int> info(1, 2);		  //Info<int, int>
	
	Info<Data<int, int, int>, Data<string, string, string>>
		test1(Data<int, int, int>(1, 1, 1), Data<string, string, string>("ds", "sd", "sds"));
	//起别名
	using type1 = Data<int, int, int>;
	using type2 = Data<string, string, string>;
	//别名版本
	Info<type1, type2>test2(type1(1, 1, 1), type2("ds", "sd", "sds"));

	Data<Info<int, string>, Info<string, string>, Info<int, double>> 
		test3(Info<int, string>(1,"sd"), Info<string, string>("sdds","dsds"),Info<int, double>(1,1.11));

	test1.printData();
	test2.printData();
	test3.printData();

	Student<Data<Info<int, int>, Info<int, string>, Info<string, string>>> 
		stu(Data<Info<int, int>, Info<int, string>, Info<string, string>>
			(Info<int, int>(1,1), Info<int, string>(1,"sdsd"), Info<string, string>("sds","sdsd")));

	stu.printData();
	return 0;
}