Java常用工具：异常

异常

Throwable

throwable分为Error和Exception。

Error

Error是程序无法处理的错误，表示运行应用程序中较严重的问题。

1. 虚拟机错误
2. 内存溢出
3. 线程锁死
4. ……

Exception

1. Unchecked Exception 编译器不要求强制处理的异常。
   1. RuntimeException
      1. NullPointerException 空指针异常
      2. ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException数组下标越界
      3. ArithmeticException 算数异常
      4. ClassCastException 类型转换异常
2. Checked Exception 在编写程序时，如果出现错误，集成环境就会提示。
   1. IOException IO异常
   2. SQLException SQL异常

处理机制

抛出异常

1. 异常类型
2. 异常出现时的程序状态

捕捉异常

1. try 执行可能产生异常的代码
2. catch 捕获异常
3. finally 无论是否发生异常代码总能执行

声明异常

throws:声明可能要抛出的异常

抛出异常

throw 手动抛出异常

多重catch结构

/**
try后面可以跟多重catch。但是后面的Exception类必须不是前一个Exception类的子类。
*/
try{
    ...
}catch(ArithmeticException e){
    ...
}catch(InputMismatchException e){
	...
}catch(Exception e){
    ...
}

return关键字在异常处理中的作用

public int test(){
	Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
    System.out.println("运行开始");
    try{
        System.out.println("请输入第一个整数：");
        int one = input.nextInt();
        System.out.println("请输入第二个整数：");
        int two = input.nextInt();
        return one/two;
    }catch(ArithmeticException e){
        System.out.println("除数不允许为零");
        return 0;
    }finally{
        System.out.println("=====运算结果=====");
        return -1;
    }
}
按照逻辑，输入12和4应该直接输出3
/**
请输入第一个整数：12
请输入第二个整数：4
=====运算结果=====
-1
*/
按照逻辑，输入12和0将会抛出ArithmeticException异常，输出0
/**
请输入第一个整数：12
请输入第二个整数：0
=====运算结果=====
-1
*/

执行到return语句，会跳转到finally，在finally语句中遇到了return语句，程序返回。

throws声明异常类型

如果一个方法可能会出现异常，但没有能力处理这种异常，可以在方法中声明处用throws子句来声明抛出异常。

public void method() throws Exception1,Exception2,...,ExceptionN{
	//可能产生异常的代码
}

throw在函数内抛出异常，throws可以是异常类的父类。

public void method() throws FatherException1{
	//可能产生异常的代码
    throw new SonException();
}

自定义异常类

/**
 * The class {@code Exception} and its subclasses are a form of
 * {@code Throwable} that indicates conditions that a reasonable
 * application might want to catch.
 *
 * <p>The class {@code Exception} and any subclasses that are not also
 * subclasses of {@link RuntimeException} are <em>checked
 * exceptions</em>.  Checked exceptions need to be declared in a
 * method or constructor's {@code throws} clause if they can be thrown
 * by the execution of the method or constructor and propagate outside
 * the method or constructor boundary.
 *
 * @author  Frank Yellin
 * @see     java.lang.Error
 * @jls 11.2 Compile-Time Checking of Exceptions
 * @since   JDK1.0
 */
public class Exception extends Throwable {
    static final long serialVersionUID = -3387516993124229948L;

    /**
     * Constructs a new exception with {@code null} as its detail message.
     * The cause is not initialized, and may subsequently be initialized by a
     * call to {@link #initCause}.
     */
    public Exception() {
        super();
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a new exception with the specified detail message.  The
     * cause is not initialized, and may subsequently be initialized by
     * a call to {@link #initCause}.
     *
     * @param   message   the detail message. The detail message is saved for
     *          later retrieval by the {@link #getMessage()} method.
     */
    public Exception(String message) {
        super(message);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a new exception with the specified detail message and
     * cause.  <p>Note that the detail message associated with
     * {@code cause} is <i>not</i> automatically incorporated in
     * this exception's detail message.
     *
     * @param  message the detail message (which is saved for later retrieval
     *         by the {@link #getMessage()} method).
     * @param  cause the cause (which is saved for later retrieval by the
     *         {@link #getCause()} method).  (A <tt>null</tt> value is
     *         permitted, and indicates that the cause is nonexistent or
     *         unknown.)
     * @since  1.4
     */
    public Exception(String message, Throwable cause) {
        super(message, cause);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a new exception with the specified cause and a detail
     * message of <tt>(cause==null ? null : cause.toString())</tt> (which
     * typically contains the class and detail message of <tt>cause</tt>).
     * This constructor is useful for exceptions that are little more than
     * wrappers for other throwables (for example, {@link
     * java.security.PrivilegedActionException}).
     *
     * @param  cause the cause (which is saved for later retrieval by the
     *         {@link #getCause()} method).  (A <tt>null</tt> value is
     *         permitted, and indicates that the cause is nonexistent or
     *         unknown.)
     * @since  1.4
     */
    public Exception(Throwable cause) {
        super(cause);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a new exception with the specified detail message,
     * cause, suppression enabled or disabled, and writable stack
     * trace enabled or disabled.
     *
     * @param  message the detail message.
     * @param cause the cause.  (A {@code null} value is permitted,
     * and indicates that the cause is nonexistent or unknown.)
     * @param enableSuppression whether or not suppression is enabled
     *                          or disabled
     * @param writableStackTrace whether or not the stack trace should
     *                           be writable
     * @since 1.7
     */
    protected Exception(String message, Throwable cause,
                        boolean enableSuppression,
                        boolean writableStackTrace) {
        super(message, cause, enableSuppression, writableStackTrace);
    }
}

public class MyException extends Exception{
    String message;
    public MyException(String message){
        super(message)
    }
}

异常链

Modifier	Constructor and Description
	Exception() Constructs a new exception with null as its detail message.
	Exception(String message) Constructs a new exception with the specified detail message.
	Exception(String message,Throwable cause) Constructs a new exception with the specified detail message and cause.
protected	Exception(String message,Throwable cause,boolean enableSuppression,boolean writableStackTrace) Constructs a new exception with the specified detail message, cause, suppression enabled or disabled, and writable stack trace enabled or disabled.
	Exception(Throwable cause) Constructs a new exception with the specified cause and a detail message of (cause==null ? null : cause.toString()) (which typically contains the class and detail message of cause).

class Main{
    public void static main(String[] args){
        testthree();
    }
    public static void testone() throws Exception1{
        throw new Exception1("抛出第一个异常");
    }
    public static void testtwo() throws Exception2{
        try{
            testone();
        }catch(Exception e){
            throw new Exception("抛出第二个异常");
        }
    }
    public static void testthree() throws Exception3{
        try{
            testthree();
        }
        throw new Exception("抛出第三个异常");
    }
}
/**
程序大概会输出：
	抛出第三个异常
*/

class Main{
    public void static main(String[] args){
        testthree();
    }
    public static void testone() throws Exception1{
        throw new Exception1("抛出第一个异常");
    }
    public static void testtwo() throws Exception2{
        try{
            testone();
        }catch(Exception2 e){
            throw new Exception("抛出第二个异常",e);
        }
    }
    public static void testthree() throws Exception3{
        try{
            testthree();
        }catch(Exception3 e){
         	throw new Exception("抛出第三个异常",e);   
        }
    }
}
/**
大概输入内容：
	抛出第三个异常
	抛出第二个异常
	抛出第一个异常
*/