CA中心申请证书的流程:
过程: 1、web服务器,生成一对非对称加密密钥(web公钥,web私钥) 2、web服务器使用 web私钥生成 web服务器的证书请求文件,并将证书请求发给CA服务器 3、CA服务器使用 CA的私钥 对 web 服务器的证书请求 进行数字签名得到 web服务器的数字证书,并将web服务器的数字证书颁发给web服务器。
1、CA 介绍
CA(Certificate Authority)证书颁发机构主要负责证书的颁发、管理以及归档和吊销。证书内包含了拥有证书者的姓名、地址、电子邮件帐号、公钥、证书有效期、发放证书的CA、CA的数字签名等信息。证书主要有三大功能:加密、签名、身份验证。
2、构建私有 CA
1、检查安装 openssl
[root@https-ca ~]# rpm -qa openssl
如果未安装
[root@https-ca ~]# yum install openssl openssl-devel -y
2、查看配置文件
openssl 配置/etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf
有关CA的配置。如果服务器为证书签署者的身份那么就会用到此配置文件,此配置文件对于证书申请者是无作用的。
[root@https-ca ~]# vim /etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf #################################################################### [ ca ] default_ca = CA_default # 默认的CA配置;CA_default指向下面配置块 #################################################################### [ CA_default ] dir = /etc/pki/CA # CA的默认工作目录 certs = $dir/certs # 认证证书的目录 crl_dir = $dir/crl # 证书吊销列表的路径 database = $dir/index.txt # 数据库的索引文件 new_certs_dir = $dir/newcerts # 新颁发证书的默认路径 certificate = $dir/cacert.pem # 此服务认证证书,如果此服务器为根CA那么这里为自颁发证书 serial = $dir/serial # 下一个证书的证书编号 crlnumber = $dir/crlnumber # 下一个吊销的证书编号 crl = $dir/crl.pem # The current CRL private_key = $dir/private/cakey.pem# CA的私钥 RANDFILE = $dir/private/.rand # 随机数文件 x509_extensions = usr_cert # The extentions to add to the cert name_opt = ca_default # 命名方式,以ca_default定义为准 cert_opt = ca_default # 证书参数,以ca_default定义为准 default_days = 365 # 证书默认有效期 default_crl_days= 30 # CRl的有效期 default_md = sha256 # 加密算法 preserve = no # keep passed DN ordering policy = policy_match #policy_match策略生效 # For the CA policy [ policy_match ] countryName = match #国家;match表示申请者的申请信息必须与此一致 stateOrProvinceName = match #州、省 organizationName = match #组织名、公司名 organizationalUnitName = optional #部门名称;optional表示申请者可以的信息与此可以不一致 commonName = supplied emailAddress = optional # For the 'anything' policy # At this point in time, you must list all acceptable 'object' # types. [ policy_anything ] #由于定义了policy_match策略生效,所以此策略暂未生效 countryName = optional stateOrProvinceName = optional localityName = optional organizationName = optional organizationalUnitName = optional commonName = supplied emailAddress = optional
3、根证书服务器目录
根CA服务器:因为只有 CA 服务器的角色,所以用到的目录只有/etc/pki/CA
网站服务器:只是证书申请者的角色,所以用到的目录只有/etc/pki/tls
4、创建所需要的文件
[root@https-ca ~]# cd /etc/pki/CA/ [root@https-ca CA]# ls certs crl newcerts private [root@https-ca CA]# touch index.txt #创建生成证书索引数据库文件 [root@https-ca CA]# ls certs crl index.txt newcerts private [root@https-ca CA]# echo 01 > serial #指定第一个颁发证书的序列号 [root@https-ca CA]# ls certs crl index.txt newcerts private serial [root@https-ca CA]#
5、创建密钥
在根CA服务器上创建密钥,密钥的位置必须为/etc/pki/CA/private/cakey.pem
,这个是openssl.cnf中中指定的路径,只要与配置文件中指定的匹配即可。
[root@https-ca CA]# (umask 066; openssl genrsa -out private/cakey.pem 2048) Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus ...........+++ ...............+++ e is 65537 (0x10001)
6、生成自签名证书
根CA自签名证书,根CA是最顶级的认证机构,没有人能够认证他,所以只能自己认证自己生成自签名证书。
[root@https-ca CA]# openssl req -new -x509 -key /etc/pki/CA/private/cakey.pem -days 7300 -out /etc/pki/CA/cacert.pem -days 7300 ##生成CSR(证书签名请求) You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated into your certificate request. What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN. There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank For some fields there will be a default value, If you enter '.', the field will be left blank. ----- Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:CN State or Province Name (full name) []:BEIJING Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:BEIJING Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:CA Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:OPT Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:ca.qf.com Email Address []: [root@https-ca CA]# ls cacert.pem certs crl index.txt newcerts private serial
-new: 生成新证书签署请求 -x509: 专用于CA生成自签证书 -key: 生成请求时用到的私钥文件 -days : 证书的有效期限 -out /PATH/TO/SOMECERTFILE: 证书的保存路径
7、下载安装证书
/etc/pki/CA/cacert.pem
就是生成的自签名证书文件,使用 SZ/xftp
工具将他导出到窗口机器中。然后双击安装此证书到受信任的根证书颁发机构
[root@https-ca CA]# yum install -y lrzsz [root@https-ca CA]# sz cacert.pem
3、客户端CA 证书申请及签名
1、检查安装 openssl
[root@nginx-server ~]# rpm -qa openssl
如果未安装,安装 openssl或者升级
[root@nginx-server ~]# yum install openssl openssl-devel -y
2、客户端生成私钥文件
[root@nginx-server ~]# (umask 066; openssl genrsa -out /etc/pki/tls/private/www.qf.com.key 2048) Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus ..............................+++ ..........+++ e is 65537 (0x10001) [root@nginx-server ~]# cd /etc/pki/tls/private/ [root@nginx-server private]# ls www.qf.com.key [root@nginx-server private]#
3、客户端用私钥加密生成证书请求
[root@nginx-server private]# ls ../ cert.pem certs misc openssl.cnf private [root@nginx-server private]# openssl req -new -key /etc/pki/tls/private/www.qf.com.key -days 365 -out /etc/pki/tls/www.qf.com.csr You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated into your certificate request. What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN. There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank For some fields there will be a default value, If you enter '.', the field will be left blank. ----- Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:CN State or Province Name (full name) []:BEIJING Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:BEIJING Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:QF Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:OPT Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:www.qf.com Email Address []: Please enter the following 'extra' attributes to be sent with your certificate request A challenge password []: An optional company name []: [root@nginx-server private]# ls ../../tls cert.pem certs misc openssl.cnf private www.qf.com.csr [root@nginx-server private]#
CSR(Certificate Signing Request)包含了公钥和名字信息。通常以.csr为后缀,是网站向CA发起认证请求的文件,是中间文件。
在这一命令执行的过程中,系统会要求填写如下信息:
最后把生成的请求文件(/etc/pki/tls/www.qf.com.csr
)传输给CA ,这里我使用scp命令,通过ssh协议,将该文件传输到CA下的/etc/pki/CA/private/
目录
[root@nginx-server private]# cd ../ [root@nginx-server tls]# scp www.qf.com.csr 192.168.132.101:/etc/pki/CA/private root@192.168.62.163's password: www.qf.com.csr 100% 997 331.9KB/s 00:00
4、CA 签署证书(在ca服务器上面操作)
使用/etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf,修改organizationName=supplied
修改 /etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf
[root@https-ca ~]# vim /etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf policy = policy_match 82 83 # For the CA policy 84 [ policy_match ] 85 countryName = match 86 stateOrProvinceName = match 87 organizationName = supplied 88 organizationalUnitName = optional 89 commonName = supplied 90 emailAddress = optional
CA 签署证书
[root@https-ca ~]# openssl ca -in /etc/pki/CA/private/www.qf.com.csr -out /etc/pki/CA/certs/www.qf.com.csr -days 365 Using configuration from /etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf Check that the request matches the signature Signature ok Certificate Details: Serial Number: 1 (0x1) Validity Not Before: Jul 3 10:12:23 2019 GMT Not After : Jul 2 10:12:23 2020 GMT Subject: countryName = CN stateOrProvinceName = BEIJING organizationName = QF organizationalUnitName = OPT commonName = www.qf.com X509v3 extensions: X509v3 Basic Constraints: CA:FALSE Netscape Comment: OpenSSL Generated Certificate X509v3 Subject Key Identifier: E3:AC:1A:55:2B:28:B9:80:DC:9C:C2:13:70:53:27:AD:3D:44:8F:D3 X509v3 Authority Key Identifier: keyid:5D:2A:81:B2:E7:8D:D8:88:E5:7B:94:CA:75:65:9C:82:2B:A9:B2:3C Certificate is to be certified until Jul 2 10:12:23 2020 GMT (365 days) Sign the certificate? [y/n]:y 1 out of 1 certificate requests certified, commit? [y/n]y Write out database with 1 new entries Data Base Updated
证书通常以.crt或者.pem为后缀,表示证书文件
2、查看生成的证书的信息
[root@https-ca ~]# openssl x509 -in /etc/pki/CA/certs/www.qf.com.csr -noout -subject subject= /C=CN/ST=BEIJING/O=QF/OU=OPT/CN=www.qf.com
3、将生成的证书发放给请求客户端(web服务端)
[root@https-ca ~]# cd /etc/pki/CA/certs/ [root@https-ca certs]#scp www.qf.com.csr 192.168.132.100:/etc/pki/CA/certs/ root@192.168.62.162's password: www.qf.com.ctr 100% 4422 998.3KB/s 00:00
测试:
nginx-server(充当服务端): [root@nginx-server ~]# cd /etc/pki/CA/certs/ [root@nginx-server certs]# ls www.qf.com.crt [root@nginx-server certs]# find / -name *.key /etc/pki/tls/private/www.qf.com.key /usr/share/doc/openssh-7.4p1/PROTOCOL.key 还是在这台机器安装nginx并且配置证书: root@nginx-server conf.d]# pwd /etc/nginx/conf.d [root@nginx-server conf.d]# vim nginx.conf server { listen 443 ssl; server_name www.qf.com; ssl_certificate /etc/pki/CA/certs/www.qf.com.crt; #指定证书路径 ssl_certificate_key /etc/pki/tls/private/www.qf.com.key; #指定私钥路径 ssl_session_timeout 5m; #配置用于SSL会话的缓存 ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2; #指定使用的协议 ssl_ciphers ALL:!ADH:!EXPORT56:RC4+RSA:+HIGH:+MEDIUM:+LOW:+SSLv2:+EXP; # //密码指定为OpenSSL支持的格式 ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on; #设置协商加密算法时,优先使用服务端的加密,而不是客户端浏览器的。 location / { root /usr/share/nginx/html; index index.html index.htm; } } ###公网证书 server { listen 443 ssl; server_name www.testpm.cn; access_log /var/log/nginx/https_access.log main; ssl on; ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/cert/www.amylife.online.pem; ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/cert/www.amylife.online.key; ssl_session_timeout 5m; ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2; ssl_ciphers ALL:!ADH:!EXPORT56:RC4+RSA:+HIGH:+MEDIUM:+LOW:+SSLv2:+EXP; ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on; location / { root /usr/share/nginx/html; index index.html index.htm; } } 保存重启 [root@nginx-server conf.d]# nginx -t [root@nginx-server conf.d]# nginx -s reload
windows首先配置hosts文件解析
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