part 3 Cache Memory 2

-memory stall cycles= IC*(memory references per instruction*missrate)*miss penalty

-program execution time= [cpu clock cycles(includes cache hits)+memory stall cycles(cache miss)]*clock cycle time

-memory reference that is access, part of the instruction for example load and store need the circulation between cpu and memory, between them ,we still have cache, so the references of it is 2. as normal instructions such as add, sub, jump, test need only one access between cpu and cache.so the reference is 1.

                     -cache operation

block placement(a mean is needed for determining which main memory block currently occupies a cache line)

direct mapped

set associative

fully associative

block identification

block replacement

write strategy