AVL树的理解和实现[C++]

AVL树

AVL树，全称Adelson-Velsky和Landis树，是一种自平衡的二叉搜索树。它于1962年由苏联科学家Adelson-Velsky和Landis首次提出。AVL树具有以下特点：树中任一节点的左右子树高度差不超过1，因此AVL树是一种严格平衡的二叉搜索树。在AVL树上进行查找、插入和删除操作的时间复杂度均为O(log n)，大大提高了搜索效率。

AVL树的规则或原理

当向二叉搜索树中插入新结点后，如果能保证每个结点的左右子树高度之差的绝对值不超过1(需要对树中的结点进行调整)，即可降低树的高度，从而减少平均搜索长度。

一棵AVL树或者是空树，或者是具有以下性质的二叉搜索树：

• 它的左右子树都是AVL树
• 左右子树高度之差(简称平衡因子)的绝对值不超过1(-1/0/1)
  如果一棵二叉搜索树是高度平衡的，它就是AVL树。如果它有n个结点，其高度可保持在
  $O(lo{g}_{2}n)$，搜索时间复杂度O($lo{g}_{2}n$)。

AVL树的实现

1.节点的定义

首先，我们定义AVL树的节点结构

template<class K, class V>
struct AVLTreeNode
{
	pair<K, V> _kv;//值 
	AVLTreeNode<K, V>* _left;//该节点的左孩子
	AVLTreeNode<K, V>* _right;//该节点的右孩子
	AVLTreeNode<K, V>* _parent;//该节点的父节点
	int _bf; // balance factor（平衡因子）

	AVLTreeNode(const pair<K, V>& kv)
		:_kv(kv)
		, _left(nullptr)
		, _right(nullptr)
		, _parent(nullptr)
		, _bf(0)
	{}
};

2.功能和接口等的实现

默认构造函数，析构函数

template<class K, class V>
class AVLTree
{
	typedef AVLTreeNode<K, V> Node;
public:
	//默认构造函数，用来初始化AVL树，将根节点置空来表示树是空的
	AVLTree() = default;
	
	//析构函数
	~AVLTree()
	{
		Destroy(_root);
		_root = nullptr;
	}
private:
	void Destroy(Node* root)
	{
		if (root == nullptr)
			return;

		Destroy(root->_left);
		Destroy(root->_right);
		delete root;
	}
private:
	Node* _root = nullptr;
};

拷贝构造函数

template<class K, class V>
class AVLTree
{
	//拷贝构造
	AVLTree(const AVLTree<K, V>& t)
	{
		_root = Copy(t._root);
	}
	
private:
	//用递归来进行赋值AVL树的节点
	Node* Copy(Node* root)
	{
		if (root == nullptr)
			return nullptr;

		Node* newRoot = new Node(root->_key, root->_value);
		newRoot->_left = Copy(root->_left);
		newRoot->_right = Copy(root->_right);

		return newRoot;
	}
	
private:
	Node* _root = nullptr;
};

插入

template<class K, class V>
class AVLTree
{	
private:
	bool Insert(const pair<K, V>& kv)
	{
		if (_root == nullptr)
		{
			_root = new Node(kv);
			return true;
		}

		Node* parent = nullptr;
		Node* cur = _root;
		while (cur)
		{
			if (cur->_kv.first < kv.first)
			{
				parent = cur;
				cur = cur->_right;
			}
			else if (cur->_kv.first > kv.first)
			{
				parent = cur;
				cur = cur->_left;
			}
			else
			{
				return false;
			}
		}

		cur = new Node(kv);
		if (parent->_kv.first < kv.first)
		{
			parent->_right = cur;
		}
		else
		{
			parent->_left = cur;
		}
		cur->_parent = parent;

		// 更新平衡因子
		while (parent)
		{
			if (cur == parent->_left)
				parent->_bf--;
			else
				parent->_bf++;

			if (parent->_bf == 0)
			{
				break;
			}
			else if (parent->_bf == 1 || parent->_bf == -1)
			{
				// 继续往上更新
				cur = parent;
				parent = parent->_parent;
			}
			else if (parent->_bf == 2 || parent->_bf == -2)
			{
				// 不平衡了，旋转处理
				if (parent->_bf == 2 && cur->_bf == 1)
				{
					RotateL(parent);
				}
				else if (parent->_bf == -2 && cur->_bf == -1)
				{
					RotateR(parent);
				}
				else if (parent->_bf == 2 && cur->_bf == -1)
				{
					RotateRL(parent);
				}
				else
				{
					RotateLR(parent);
				}

				break;
			}
			else
			{
				assert(false);
			}
		}

		return true;
	}
	
private:
	Node* _root = nullptr;
};

搜索

template<class K, class V>
class AVLTree
{
private:
		Node* Find(const K& key)
	{
		Node* cur = _root;
		while (cur)
		{
			if (cur->_key < key)
			{
				cur = cur->_right;
			}
			else if (cur->_key > key)
			{
				cur = cur->_left;
			}
			else
			{
				return cur;
			}
		}

		return nullptr;
	}
	
private:
	Node* _root = nullptr;
};

打印函数

template<class K, class V>
class AVLTree
{
	void InOrder()
	{
		_InOrder(_root);
		cout << endl;
	}	
private:
	void _InOrder(Node* root)
	{
		if (root == nullptr)
		{
			return;
		}

		_InOrder(root->_left);
		cout << root->_kv.first << ":" << root->_kv.second << endl;
		_InOrder(root->_right);
	}
private:
	Node* _root = nullptr;
};

检查是否为平衡树，检查平衡因子

template<class K, class V>
class AVLTree
{
bool IsBanlanceTree()
	{
		return _IsBanlanceTree(_root);
	}
private:
	//计算平衡因子函数
	int _Height(Node* root)
	{
		if (root == nullptr)
		{
			return 0;
		}

		int leftHeight = _Height(root->_left);
		int rightHeight = _Height(root->_right);

		return leftHeight > rightHeight ? leftHeight + 1 : rightHeight + 1;

	}

	//判断是否为平衡树的函数
	bool _IsBanlanceTree(Node* root)
	{
		//空树返回真
		if (nullptr == root)
		{
			return true;
		}

		//计算root的平衡因子：即root左右子树高度差
		int leftHeight = _Height(root->_left);
		int rightHeight = _Height(root->_right);
		int diff = rightHeight - leftHeight;

		//如果计算出的平衡因子与root的平衡因子不相等
		//或，root平衡因子的绝对值超过一，则不是AVL树
		/*if (abs(diff) < 2 || root->_bf != diff)
		{
			return false;
		}*/
		if (abs(diff) >= 2)
		{
			cout << root->_kv.first << "高度差异常" << endl;
			return false;
		}

		if (root->_bf != diff)
		{
			cout << root->_kv.first << "平衡因子异常" << endl;
			return false;
		}

		//root的左右都是AVL树那么概述一定是AVL树
		return _IsBanlanceTree(root->_left) && _IsBanlanceTree(root->_right);
	}
private:
	Node* _root = nullptr;
};

旋转

template<class K, class V>
class AVLTree
{
	void RotateL(Node* parent)
	{
		Node* subR = parent->_right;
		Node* subRL = subR->_left;

		parent->_right = subRL;
		if (subRL)
			subRL->_parent = parent;

		Node* parentParent = parent->_parent;
		c
		subR->_left = parent;
		parent->_parent = subR;

		if (parentParent == nullptr)
		{
			_root = subR;
			subR->_parent = nullptr;
		}
		else
		{
			if (parent == parentParent->_left)
			{
				parentParent->_left = subR;
			}
			else
			{
				parentParent->_right = subR;
			}

			subR->_parent = parentParent;
		}

		parent->_bf = subR->_bf = 0;
	}

	void  RotateR(Node* parent)
	{
		Node* subL = parent->_left;
		Node* subLR = subL->_right;

		parent->_left = subLR;
		if (subLR)
			subLR->_parent = parent;

		Node* parentParent = parent->_parent;

		subL->_right = parent;
		parent->_parent = subL;

		if (parentParent == nullptr)
		{
			_root = subL;
			subL->_parent = nullptr;
		}
		else
		{
			if (parent == parentParent->_left)
			{
				parentParent->_left = subL;
			}
			else
			{
				parentParent->_right = subL;
			}

			subL->_parent = parentParent;
		}

		parent->_bf = subL->_bf = 0;
	}

	void RotateRL(Node* parent)
	{
		Node* subR = parent->_right;
		Node* subRL = subR->_left;
		int bf = subRL->_bf;

		RotateR(parent->_right);
		RotateL(parent);

		if (bf == 0)
		{
			subR->_bf = 0;
			subRL->_bf = 0;
			parent->_bf = 0;
		}
		else if (bf == 1)
		{
			subR->_bf = 0;
			subRL->_bf = 0;
			parent->_bf = -1;
		}
		else if (bf == -1)
		{
			subR->_bf = 1;
			subRL->_bf = 0;
			parent->_bf = 0;
		}
		else
		{
			assert(false);
		}
	}

	void RotateLR(Node* parent)
	{
		Node* subL = parent->_left;
		Node* subLR = subL->_right;
		int bf = subLR->_bf;

		RotateL(parent->_left);
		RotateR(parent);

		if (bf == 0)
		{
			subL->_bf = 0;
			subLR->_bf = 0;
			parent->_bf = 0;
		}
		else if (bf == -1)
		{
			subL->_bf = 0;
			subLR->_bf = 0;
			parent->_bf = 1;
		}
	}
private:
	Node* _root = nullptr;
};