原理篇链接:https://blog.csdn.net/justloveyou_/article/details/79562574
单从“Stream”这个单词上来看,它似乎和 java.io 包下的 InputStream 和 OutputStream 有些关系。实际上呢,没毛关系。Java 8 新增的 Stream 是为了解放程序员操作集合(Collection)时的生产力,之所以能解放,很大一部分原因可以归功于同时出现的 Lambda 表达式——极大的提高了编程效率和程序可读性。
Stream 究竟是什么呢?
Stream 就好像一个高级的迭代器,但只能遍历一次,就好像一江春水向东流;在流的过程中,对流中的元素执行一些操作,比如“过滤掉长度大于 10 的字符串”、“获取每个字符串的首字母”等。
要想操作流,首先需要有一个数据源,可以是数组或者集合。每次操作都会返回一个新的流对象,方便进行链式操作,但原有的流对象会保持不变。
流的操作可以分为两种类型:
1)中间操作,可以有多个,每次返回一个新的流,可进行链式操作。
2)终端操作,只能有一个,每次执行完,这个流也就用光光了,无法执行下一个操作,因此只能放在最后。
来举个例子。
List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
list.add("武汉加油");
list.add("中国加油");
list.add("世界加油");
list.add("世界加油");
long count = list.stream().distinct().count();
System.out.println(count);
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distinct()
方法是一个中间操作(去重),它会返回一个新的流(没有共同元素)。
Stream<T> distinct();
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count()
方法是一个终端操作,返回流中的元素个数。
long count();
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中间操作不会立即执行,只有等到终端操作的时候,流才开始真正地遍历,用于映射、过滤等。通俗点说,就是一次遍历执行多个操作,性能就大大提高了。
理论部分就扯这么多,下面直接进入实战部分。
01、创建流
如果是数组的话,可以使用 Arrays.stream()
或者 Stream.of()
创建流;如果是集合的话,可以直接使用 stream()
方法创建流,因为该方法已经添加到 Collection 接口中。
public class CreateStreamDemo { public static void main(String[] args) { String[] arr = new String[]{"武汉加油", "中国加油", "世界加油"}; Stream<String> stream = Arrays.stream(arr);
stream <span class="token operator">=</span> Stream<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">of</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"武汉加油"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"中国加油"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"世界加油"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> List<span class="token generics function"><span class="token punctuation"><</span>String<span class="token punctuation">></span></span> list <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">ArrayList</span><span class="token operator"><</span><span class="token operator">></span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> list<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">add</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"武汉加油"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> list<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">add</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"中国加油"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> list<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">add</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"世界加油"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> stream <span class="token operator">=</span> list<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">stream</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
}
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查看 Stream 源码的话,你会发现 of()
方法内部其实调用了 Arrays.stream()
方法。
public static<T> Stream<T> of(T... values) {
return Arrays.stream(values);
}
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另外,集合还可以调用 parallelStream()
方法创建并发流,默认使用的是 ForkJoinPool.commonPool()
线程池。
List<Long> aList = new ArrayList<>();
Stream<Long> parallelStream = aList.parallelStream();
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02、操作流
Stream 类提供了很多有用的操作流的方法,我来挑一些常用的给你介绍一下。
1)过滤
通过 filter()
方法可以从流中筛选出我们想要的元素。
public class FilterStreamDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
list.add("周杰伦");
list.add("王力宏");
list.add("陶喆");
list.add("林俊杰");
Stream<String> stream = list.stream().filter(element -> element.contains("王"));
stream.forEach(System.out::println);
}
}
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filter()
方法接收的是一个 Predicate(Java 8 新增的一个函数式接口,接受一个输入参数返回一个布尔值结果)类型的参数,因此,我们可以直接将一个 Lambda 表达式传递给该方法,比如说 element -> element.contains("王")
就是筛选出带有“王”的字符串。
forEach()
方法接收的是一个 Consumer(Java 8 新增的一个函数式接口,接受一个输入参数并且无返回的操作)类型的参数,类名 :: 方法名
是 Java 8 引入的新语法,System.out
返回 PrintStream 类,println 方法你应该知道是打印的。
stream.forEach(System.out::println);
相当于在 for 循环中打印,类似于下面的代码:
for (String s : strs) {
System.out.println(s);
}
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很明显,一行代码看起来更简洁一些。来看一下程序的输出结果:
王力宏
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2)映射
如果想通过某种操作把一个流中的元素转化成新的流中的元素,可以使用 map()
方法。
public class MapStreamDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
list.add("周杰伦");
list.add("王力宏");
list.add("陶喆");
list.add("林俊杰");
Stream<Integer> stream = list.stream().map(String::length);
stream.forEach(System.out::println);
}
}
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map()
方法接收的是一个 Function(Java 8 新增的一个函数式接口,接受一个输入参数 T,返回一个结果 R)类型的参数,此时参数 为 String 类的 length 方法,也就是把 Stream<String>
的流转成一个 Stream<Integer>
的流。
程序输出的结果如下所示:
3
3
2
3
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3)匹配
Stream 类提供了三个方法可供进行元素匹配,它们分别是:
-
anyMatch()
,只要有一个元素匹配传入的条件,就返回 true。 -
allMatch()
,只有有一个元素不匹配传入的条件,就返回 false;如果全部匹配,则返回 true。 -
noneMatch()
,只要有一个元素匹配传入的条件,就返回 false;如果全部匹配,则返回 true。
public class MatchStreamDemo { public static void main(String[] args) { List<String> list = new ArrayList<>(); list.add("周杰伦"); list.add("王力宏"); list.add("陶喆"); list.add("林俊杰");
<span class="token keyword">boolean</span> anyMatchFlag <span class="token operator">=</span> list<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">stream</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">anyMatch</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>element <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token operator">></span> element<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">contains</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"王"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token keyword">boolean</span> allMatchFlag <span class="token operator">=</span> list<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">stream</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">allMatch</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>element <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token operator">></span> element<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">length</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token keyword">boolean</span> noneMatchFlag <span class="token operator">=</span> list<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">stream</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">noneMatch</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>element <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token operator">></span> element<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">endsWith</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"沉"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>anyMatchFlag<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>allMatchFlag<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>noneMatchFlag<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
}
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因为“王力宏”以“王”字开头,所以 anyMatchFlag 应该为 true;因为“周杰伦”、“王力宏”、“陶喆”、“林俊杰”的字符串长度都大于 1,所以 allMatchFlag 为 true;因为 4 个字符串结尾都不是“沉”,所以 noneMatchFlag 为 true。
程序输出的结果如下所示:
true
true
true
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4)组合
reduce()
方法的主要作用是把 Stream 中的元素组合起来,它有两种用法:
Optional<T> reduce(BinaryOperator<T> accumulator)
没有起始值,只有一个参数,就是运算规则,此时返回 Optional。
T reduce(T identity, BinaryOperator<T> accumulator)
有起始值,有运算规则,两个参数,此时返回的类型和起始值类型一致。
来看下面这个例子。
public class ReduceStreamDemo { public static void main(String[] args) { Integer[] ints = {0, 1, 2, 3}; List<Integer> list = Arrays.asList(ints);
Optional<span class="token generics function"><span class="token punctuation"><</span>Integer<span class="token punctuation">></span></span> optional <span class="token operator">=</span> list<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">stream</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">reduce</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>a<span class="token punctuation">,</span> b<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token operator">></span> a <span class="token operator">+</span> b<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> Optional<span class="token generics function"><span class="token punctuation"><</span>Integer<span class="token punctuation">></span></span> optional1 <span class="token operator">=</span> list<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">stream</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">reduce</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Integer<span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token operator">:</span>sum<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>optional<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">orElse</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>optional1<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">orElse</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token keyword">int</span> reduce <span class="token operator">=</span> list<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">stream</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">reduce</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">6</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>a<span class="token punctuation">,</span> b<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token operator">></span> a <span class="token operator">+</span> b<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>reduce<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token keyword">int</span> reduce1 <span class="token operator">=</span> list<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">stream</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">reduce</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">6</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> Integer<span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token operator">:</span>sum<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>reduce1<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
}
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运算规则可以是 Lambda 表达式(比如 (a, b) -> a + b
),也可以是类名::方法名(比如 Integer::sum
)。
程序运行的结果如下所示:
6
6
12
12
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0、1、2、3 在没有起始值相加的时候结果为 6;有起始值 6 的时候结果为 12。
03、转换流
既然可以把集合或者数组转成流,那么也应该有对应的方法,将流转换回去——collect()
方法就满足了这种需求。
public class CollectStreamDemo { public static void main(String[] args) { List<String> list = new ArrayList<>(); list.add("周杰伦"); list.add("王力宏"); list.add("陶喆"); list.add("林俊杰");
String<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> strArray <span class="token operator">=</span> list<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">stream</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">toArray</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>String<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token keyword">new</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Arrays<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">toString</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>strArray<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> List<span class="token generics function"><span class="token punctuation"><</span>Integer<span class="token punctuation">></span></span> list1 <span class="token operator">=</span> list<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">stream</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">map</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>String<span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token operator">:</span>length<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">collect</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Collectors<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">toList</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> List<span class="token generics function"><span class="token punctuation"><</span>String<span class="token punctuation">></span></span> list2 <span class="token operator">=</span> list<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">stream</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">collect</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Collectors<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">toCollection</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>ArrayList<span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token keyword">new</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>list1<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>list2<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> String str <span class="token operator">=</span> list<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">stream</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">collect</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Collectors<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">joining</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">", "</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">toString</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>str<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
}
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toArray()
方法可以将流转换成数组,你可能比较好奇的是 String[]::new
,它是什么东东呢?来看一下 toArray()
方法的源码。
<A> A[] toArray(IntFunction<A[]> generator);
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也就是说 String[]::new
是一个 IntFunction,一个可以产生所需的新数组的函数,可以通过反编译字节码看看它到底是什么:
String[] strArray = (String[])list.stream().toArray((x$0) -> {
return new String[x$0];
});
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(strArray));
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也就是相当于返回了一个指定长度的字符串数组。
当我们需要把一个集合按照某种规则转成另外一个集合的时候,就可以配套使用 map()
方法和 collect()
方法。
List<Integer> list1 = list.stream().map(String::length).collect(Collectors.toList());
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通过 stream()
方法创建集合的流后,再通过 map(String:length)
将其映射为字符串长度的一个新流,最后通过 collect()
方法将其转换成新的集合。
Collectors 是一个收集器的工具类,内置了一系列收集器实现,比如说 toList()
方法将元素收集到一个新的 java.util.List
中;比如说 toCollection()
方法将元素收集到一个新的 java.util.ArrayList
中;比如说 joining()
方法将元素收集到一个可以用分隔符指定的字符串中。
来看一下程序的输出结果:
[周杰伦, 王力宏, 陶喆, 林俊杰]
[3, 3, 2, 3]
[周杰伦, 王力宏, 陶喆, 林俊杰]
周杰伦, 王力宏, 陶喆, 林俊杰
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最后,一定会有不少读者想要问我怎么学习 Java 的,那我干脆就把我看过的优质书籍贡献出来:
1)入门版:《Head First Java》、《Java 核心技术卷》
2)进阶版:《Java编程思想》、《Effective Java》、《Java网络编程》、《代码整洁之道》
3)大牛版:《Java并发编程》、《深入理解Java虚拟机》、《Java性能权威指南》、《重构》、《算法》
就先介绍这么多,希望对那些不知道看什么书的同学有所帮助。