POJ 1080—— Human Gene Functions【LCS变形】（ 好题! ）

题目传送门

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Description

It is well known that a human gene can be considered as a sequence, consisting of four nucleotides, which are simply denoted by four letters, A, C, G, and T. Biologists have been interested in identifying human genes and determining their functions, because these can be used to diagnose human diseases and to design new drugs for them.

A human gene can be identified through a series of time-consuming biological experiments, often with the help of computer programs. Once a sequence of a gene is obtained, the next job is to determine its function.
One of the methods for biologists to use in determining the function of a new gene sequence that they have just identified is to search a database with the new gene as a query. The database to be searched stores many gene sequences and their functions – many researchers have been submitting their genes and functions to the database and the database is freely accessible through the Internet.

A database search will return a list of gene sequences from the database that are similar to the query gene.
Biologists assume that sequence similarity often implies functional similarity. So, the function of the new gene might be one of the functions that the genes from the list have. To exactly determine which one is the right one another series of biological experiments will be needed.

Your job is to make a program that compares two genes and determines their similarity as explained below. Your program may be used as a part of the database search if you can provide an efficient one.
Given two genes AGTGATG and GTTAG, how similar are they? One of the methods to measure the similarity
of two genes is called alignment. In an alignment, spaces are inserted, if necessary, in appropriate positions of
the genes to make them equally long and score the resulting genes according to a scoring matrix.

For example, one space is inserted into AGTGATG to result in AGTGAT-G, and three spaces are inserted into GTTAG to result in –GT–TAG. A space is denoted by a minus sign (-). The two genes are now of equal
length. These two strings are aligned:

AGTGAT-G
-GT–TAG

In this alignment, there are four matches, namely, G in the second position, T in the third, T in the sixth, and G in the eighth. Each pair of aligned characters is assigned a score according to the following scoring matrix.

denotes that a space-space match is not allowed. The score of the alignment above is (-3)+5+5+(-2)+(-3)+5+(-3)+5=9.

Of course, many other alignments are possible. One is shown below (a different number of spaces are inserted into different positions):

AGTGATG
-GTTA-G

This alignment gives a score of (-3)+5+5+(-2)+5+(-1) +5=14. So, this one is better than the previous one. As a matter of fact, this one is optimal since no other alignment can have a higher score. So, it is said that the
similarity of the two genes is 14.

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Input

The input consists of T test cases. The number of test cases ) (T is given in the first line of the input file. Each test case consists of two lines: each line contains an integer, the length of a gene, followed by a gene sequence. The length of each gene sequence is at least one and does not exceed 100.

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Output

The output should print the similarity of each test case, one per line.

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Sample Input

2
7 AGTGATG
5 GTTAG
7 AGCTATT
9 AGCTTTAAA

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Sample Output

14
21

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题意：

给定两组序列，要你求出它们的最大相似度，每个字母与其他字母或自身和空格对应都有一个打分，求在这两个字符串中插入空格，让这两个字符串的匹配分数最大

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题解：

首先定义对X(xm) = {x1,x2,x3,…xm};Y(yn) = {y1,y2,y3,…yn};这两个按照题目的

要求得到最大值的排列M{…}所对应的最大值是f(m,n);

当xm != yn 时候

现在来思考一些结论:

• 1、最大排列M{…}一定是
  P(xm,—)：

  …	xm
  …	—

  或者
  P(_,yn)：

  …	—
  …	yn

  或者
  P(xm,yn)：

  …	xm
  …	yn

  这样中的一种。因为xm,yn分别是X,Y的最后两个元素，在最大排列的上下两行中它们也必然是最后的"非—"元素.

• 2、如果最大值f(m,n)是以P(xm,—) 这样的形式的,那么我们可以看到这个时候的yn是在那串省略号里面的，也就是说那串省略号是这样两个集合
  X(xm-1) ={x1,x2,x3,…xm-1}；Y(yn) = {y1,y2,y3,…yn}
  的一种按照题目要求的排列,现在我们称这两个集合的排列所得到的值是w(m-1,n)
  同时定义