介词短语扩展
一个词的前后,跟上了介词短语: ... + word + ...
表示:时间、地点、条件
常见操作:of 、for 、with、 as、 about
- 主要是它可以和名词结合起来,而且可以连续组合
- 例如: a limition of instance of this situation with … ; a consequencce for the result for these ; 然后再接一个从句或者非谓语成分
- 注意,形式可以逗号分裂开,进行修饰
如何解:从句尾往句首,倒着解析句意
非谓语动词
首先一点,有动词没有连接词
形式:doing / done / to do , 没有其他形式了!
-
作定语: 直接修饰前面的名词
- 修饰的形式还可以与介词词组搭配(也就是再加上时间地点等)
- 及物动词可以直接变成非谓语动词,去修饰(类似于动词变形容词)
-
作状语:直接修饰整个句子
- 就类似于不用连接词的状语从句
- 也可以加上状语的连接词,表示具体作什么成分,这时候很像一个状语从句只不过没有主语
分割准确,一定要找准修饰的对象
从句
表语从句
宾语从句
定语从句q
特殊句式
倒装
所谓“倒装”就是把一个句子正常的顺序颠倒。倒装可分成很多种,如主谓倒装、主表倒装、主宾倒装等。
在考研英语中,大家只需要掌握“主谓倒装”,主语和谓语动词顺序颠倒,即谓语动词被放到主语前。主谓倒装分为两种,全部倒装和部分倒装
。
全部倒装
- 全部倒装是把句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语前
例如:形容词、副词、介词短语位于句首时,句子可以全部倒装。
- 为什么表示"有"呢?
因为"There be句型"是一个倒装句。
例如:There is a girl.此句原本正常的语序是A girl is there 译成中文就是“一个女孩是在那里”,换句话来说就是“那儿有一个女孩”。
- There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals
- There is no gap between mind and matter.
There be句型还可以把be变成不同的时态,来表示不同时间的“有”。be还可以结合情态,表示不同情态下的“有”或推测“可能有”。
there have been 、 There may be、There has been、There will
部分倒装
部分倒装是把谓语动词的一部分置于主语前。
-
它的结构非常简单,就是相当于变一般疑问句,只要大家把一个陈述句变为一般疑问句,那么这个一般疑问句的形式就是部分倒装。
-
有助动词、系动词、情态动词,就把它提前,
但是主谓是正常顺序
-
- 没有上述动词,即,加Do/Does/Did Will have / has / had
否定副词或词组位于句首
- perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and
nations as in the recent events in Europe- 此句原本正常的语序为u…it has never served before…/',把否定词组never befbre提前,句子需要部分倒装,即相当于把it has served变为一般疑问句,因此就变为“never before has it served…”。
only位于句首
only位于句首时,句子要部分倒装(only后可以是词、词组或句子)
- Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very
different from their own- 此句原本正常的语序为 <lLinguists began the serious study only recently…",
- And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom
up.- 此句原本正常的语序为"And scholars have examined histoiy only over the past 30 years…’
虚拟条件句省略if
虚拟条件句省略if,从句要部分倒装,主句不变。
- But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point:.
- 这句原本是 If Entergy had kept its word, that debate would be beside the point,虚拟条件句省略if后,要部分倒装,因此变为"had Entergy kept its word…’
强调句
把一个普通的句子拆分成两部分,把“想强调的部分”放到“it is… that”中间,把句子余下的部分放到that后, 就变成了强调句。
- 注意:不能强调形容词和动词。
想强调时间only in recent years (只有在最近几年),而不是其他时间,所以把强调的部
分放入"it is… that…”,句子余下的部分放到that后,变为强调句。
- 强调句不仅可以强调词或词组,也可以
强调从句
It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realised just how bad much of themedical literature frequently was.
与主语从句进行区别
在考研真题中经常会岀现“it is… that…”结构,但并不一定是强调句,也有可能是主语从句(后置)。
两个方法:
-
一是根据强调句的构成原理,如果去掉“it is… that…”,余下部分可还原成一个完整的
句子,即为强调句;反之余下的部分不能还原成完整的句子则不是强调句,为主语从句
(后置)。 -
二是如果发现“it is… that…”中间是形容词或动词,则该句为主语从句,因为强调句不能
强调形容词或动词。
虚拟语气
解释:
- 一是与真实的情况进行比较,发现这个事情不是真的,例如:我是个女的,如果说“我是
个男的”,就是与真实情况不符,即为虚拟。 - 二是与假设的情况进行比较,发现即使假设,这个事情也不太可能成真,例如:如果说“明天
我们一起飞上太阳”,很明显这个事情不太可能成为真的(可能性没有或很小),也为虚拟。
表达虚拟:“虚拟”就是谓语动词的一种特殊变化,通过把谓语动词“变态”(改变时态),即可表达虚拟。
- 考点: 在考研英语中,主要考查
if虚拟条件句
和名词性从句的虚拟
。
if 虚拟句
if条件状语从句分为两种:真实条件句和虚拟条件句。
- 如果假设这个事是真的或者可能成为真的,就是真实条件句,不需要虚拟;
- 如果假设这个事不是真的或者不太可能成为真的,那就是虚拟条件句,就要用虚拟。
- 口诀:
从句往前推,主句四加一,将来同现在。
- ① “从句往前推”,指的是表达虚拟时,要把从句往前推一个时态。
- ② “主句四加一”,其中“四”指的是主句中谓语动词的形式都是用这四个情态动词,"加一"指的是情态动词后加上一个跟从句对应的原形形式
- ③ “将来同现在”,指的是假设将来事情的虚拟可以跟假设现在的完全相同
名词性从句虚拟
不管是哪种名词性从句,只要是对应的主句中有表示“建议、命令、要求”的词(无论词性是什么),名词性从句都需要虚拟。
- 名词性从句的虚拟要把谓语动词变成“should +动词原形”,并且should可以省略。
European ministers instantly demanded
that the International Accounting Standards
Board (IASB) do
likewise
This year, it was proposed
that the system (should)be changed..
句式三大结构
平行
分裂
翻译的时候,不用还原成分后翻译,直接正常对着翻译
- 主句后移
Contrary to the descriptions on record, no systematic evidence was found that levels
of productivity were related to changes in lighting.
分析:
1) Contrary to the descriptions on record, no systematic evidence that... was found
2)后移的 that 同位语从句:(evidence) that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting (was found).
Concerns were raised that witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court toensure guilty verdicts.
Concerns [that witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to ensure |
[guilty verdicts] were raised.
that同位语从句解释说明名词Concerns,本来应该跟在其后,但由于从句过长,主句过短, 所以从句后置造成分裂结构
- “同位语+定语从句”插入,造成分裂结构
What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would mimic |
| the way humans think」continues to elude scientists.
- 介词短语插入,造成分裂结构
One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that 匸 unlike the rises in the [970SJ
it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess
demand.
- 简短的主谓结构作插入语,造成分裂结构
This [, he thought,] could not be true, because the "Origin of Species is one long argument from the beginning to the end, and has convinced many able men.
- “介词短语+定语从句”插入,造成分裂结构
For example, in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization|—with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed— | was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so
嵌套
- It作形式主语引导的主语从句嵌套 It … that …
It turns out that the peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to misleading interpretations of what happened
此句中,It作形式主that the peculiar way…为主语从句。主语从句中又包含了一个从句what happened,作介词of后的宾语从句
- 定语 + 表语从句
… , which is how we often think of them
… , which is why children can learn it so quickly.
- 宾语 + 定语
Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question of how much businesses ought to spend on CSR
- 定语 + 宾语 + (定语)
who suggested that humans are born w让h an innate language-acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar.
- 定语+定语
Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the costumers.
攻克三大结构Tips
-
解决分裂结构的关键是还原成连贯
-
解决分裂结构的关键就是先要把分裂的部分找到,然后把句子还原成原本连贯的形式,再进行长难句分析。
-
一般情况下,分裂结构的前后常常会岀现成对的逗号、破折号或括号,可以在极大程度上帮助同学们找到分裂结构。
-
-
解决嵌套结构的关键是分层次
嵌套结构,无非就是句子套句子,所以想看懂一定要分层次。
- 正常断开长难句;
- 按照层次由外向内(或由内向外),逐层看懂句意。
-
解决平行结构的关键是理清多个并列
平行结构,就是多个词、词组或句子并列在一起,共同作一个成分。平行结构最大的特点是:平行并列的各个成分间词性相同且形式一致,并且通常有并列连词(和逗号)连接。
因此,根据其特点,我们可以通过三步搞定平行结构:
- 先找到并列连词;
“往后看”
,确定平行并列的成分是什么词性或什么形式;“往前找”
,找到与之相同的词性或一致的形式,则找到平行并列的各个成分