《自顶向下计算机网络》其三 Transport Layer

《自顶向下计算机网络》其三Transport Layer

UDP

why use UDP

①often used for streaming multimedia apps because

(1) loss tolerant

(2)rate senstive

②other UDP uses

(1)DNS

(2)SNMPu

(1)application-specific error recovery

UDP 封包格式

source port/ dest port/ length/ checksum

UDP 是以封包为单位的

TCP

TCP overview

①point-to-point

②reliable in-order byte stream

③pipelined

④send&receive buffers

⑤full duplex data

⑥connection-oriented

⑦flow controlled

标志位

U:URG urgent data

A:ACK ACK# valid

P:PSH push data now

R:RST reset 连线立即断开

S:SYN

F:FIN

Three-way handshake

step1:client host sends TCP SYN segment to server

(1)specifies initial seq #

(2)no data

step2:server host receives SYN replies with SYN ACK segment

(1)server allocates buffers

(2)specifies server initial seq#

step3:client receives SYN ACK replies with ACK segment,which may contain data

SYN→ACK/SYN→ACK

Four-way waveshake

step1:client(假设) end system send TCP FIN control segment to server

step2: server receives FIN replies with ACK closes connection send FIN

step3:client receives FIN replies with ACK,enters “timed wait”

step4:server receives ACK connection closed

FIN→ACK→FIN→ACK

TCP congestion control

additive increase,multiplicative decrease

additive:increase congestion window by 1MSS every RTT until loss detected

multiplicative decrease: cut congestion window in half after loss

TCP congestion control three mechanisms

①AIMD

(1)congestion window is cut in half

(2)window then grows linearly

②slow start

(1)连线开始时，congwin = 1MSS

(2)每过1RTT congestion window 加一倍

③conservation after timeout event

after timeout event

(1) congestion window instead set to 1 MSS

(2)window then grows exponentially

(3)to a threshold then grows linearly

名词解释：

stion window instead set to 1 MSS

(2)window then grows exponentially

(3)to a threshold then grows linearly

名词解释：

RTT：Round Trip Time