《自顶向下计算机网络》其四 Network Layer

《自定向下计算机网络》其四 Network Layer

Router

two key router functions
①run routing algorithm/protocol(RIP,OSPF,BGP)

②forwarding datagram form incoming to outgoing link

router 每个port 既是input port 也是 output port

router每个port 都有对应的IP address

What is Subnet?

①device interfaces with same subnet part of IP address

②can physically reach each other without interveing router

DHCP

Dynamic Host configuration Protocol

DHCP overview

①host brocasts “DHCP discover” msg

②DHCP server responds with “DHCP offer” msg

③host requests IP address “DHCP request”msg

④DHCP server sends address “DHCP ack” msg

NAT

Network Address Translation

NAT router的争议

private IP + port ID → NAT router

router设计之初作为第三层的产品，只涉及物理层，链路层和网络层

NAT router涉及port，port原本是属于传输层，NAT router会让网络变得复杂

但是NAT的好处是可以提高IP的利用率，同时增加网络安全性

ICMP

Internet Control Message Protocol

used by host and routers to communicate network-level information

主要用于：

①error reporting

②echo request

ICMP构建在IP之上，电脑上使用的ping命令使用的就是ICMP

IPV6

特性：

①fixed-length 40 byte header 固定长度

②no fragmentation allowed 在传输过程中不做切分，在发送源时已经切分好

③兼容IPV4采用Tunneling技术，讲IPV6数据包封装在IPV4 data 数据中

Routing Algorithm

routing algorithm classification

Global

(1)all router have complete topology link cost info

(2)”link state” algorithm

decentralized

(1)router knows physically-connected neighbors,link costs to neighbors

(2)iterative process of compatation,exchange of info with neighbors

(3)“distance vector” algoriths

A link-state routing algorithm

Dijkstras algorithm

A distance vector algorithm

Bellman-Ford equation

Network layer connection and connection-less service

两种网络

①datagram network provide network-layer connectionless service

②virtual circuits provide network-layer connection service

Virtual Circuits

source-to-dest path behaves much like telephone circute

①通信前建立连线，此时需要双方IP

②建立路线之后，每个packet 携带一个VC ID，不带IP

③查表，查forwarding table

Datagram network

①不需要建连线

②没有路线一说，每个封包都是独立的个体

③封包没有VC ID，取而代之的时source-pair IP address

④查表，查routing table

Routing protocol 介绍

RIP

Routing Information Protocol

①use distance vector algorithm

②固定30s交换一次

③如果180s内没手动→neighbor/link declared dead

④广播信息使用UDP发布

⑤相邻router间的cost是1

OSPF

open shortest path first

①use link state algorithm

②OSPF封包直接在IP的data 中，不经UDP也不经TCP

③OSPF 需要认证

④允许在存在多条same-cost 路径(RIP 只有一条)

⑤不同的服务有不同的cost标准⑦

BGP

Border Gateway Protocol

①跨AS protocol

②通过TCP交换信息

③使用BGP的router必须保证广播的信息是真实的

④BGP message type

(1)OPEN: 打开TCP连接并进行认证

(2)UPDATE：广播新的路径

(3)KEEPALIVE: 保持连接存活

BGP

Border Gateway Protocol

①跨AS protocol

②通过TCP交换信息

③使用BGP的router必须保证广播的信息是真实的

④BGP message type

(1)OPEN: 打开TCP连接并进行认证

(2)UPDATE：广播新的路径

(3)KEEPALIVE: 保持连接存活

(4)NOTIFICATION：通知一些连接错误，也用来关闭连接