Linux正则表达式详解

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1. 什么是正则表达式

正则表达式是处理字串的方法，他是以行为单位来进行字串的处理行为， 正则表达式通过一些特殊符号的辅助，可以让使用者轻易的达到 “搜寻 / 删除 / 取代” 某特定字串的处理程序！

正则表达式一般以文本行进行处理，在进行下面实例之前，建议先为grep命令设置--color参数，这样每次过滤出来的字符串都会带色彩了：

$ alias grep='grep --color=auto' 

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2. 基础正则表达式

2.1 基础正则表达式字符汇整

【重要/常用】基础的正则表达式特殊字符汇整如下：

详细版本：

简单版本：

以下是延伸型正则表达式用到的RE字符，可以使用 grep -E搭配以下字符使用：

详细版本：

简单版本：

【了解/不是很常用】一些特殊符号的含义：

2.2 正则表达式练习

首先创建一个文本作为练习，文本中输入以下内容：

[dmtsai@study ~]$ vi regular_express.txt
"Open Source" is a good mechanism to develop programs.
apple is my favorite food.
Football game is not use feet only.
this dress doesn't fit me.
However, this dress is about $ 3183 dollars.^M
GNU is free air not free beer.^M
Her hair is very beauty.^M
I can't finish the test.^M
Oh! The soup taste good.^M
motorcycle is cheap than car.
This window is clear.
the symbol '*' is represented as start.
Oh!     My god!
The gd software is a library for drafting programs.^M
You are the best is mean you are the no. 1.
The world <Happy> is the same with "glad".
I like dog.
google is the best tools for search keyword.
goooooogle yes!
go! go! Let's go.
# I am VBird

• 例题一、搜寻特定字串

假设我们要从刚刚的文件当中取得 the 这个特定字串，最简单的方式就是这样：

[dmtsai@study ~]$ grep -n 'the' regular_express.txt
8:I can't finish the test.
12:the symbol '*' is represented as start.
15:You are the best is mean you are the no. 1.
16:The world <Happy> is the same with "glad".
18:google is the best tools for search keyword.

如果想要 “反向选择” ，也就是说当该行没有'the' 这个字串时才显示在屏幕上，则：

[dmtsai@study ~]$ grep -vn 'the' regular_express.txt

如果你想要取得不论大小写的the这个字串，则：

[dmtsai@study ~]$ grep -in 'the' regular_express.txt
8:I can't finish the test.
9:Oh! The soup taste good.
12:the symbol '*' is represented as start.
14:The gd software is a library for drafting programs.
15:You are the best is mean you are the no. 1.
16:The world <Happy> is the same with "glad".
18:google is the best tools for search keyword.

• 例题二、利用中括号[]来搜寻集合字符

如果想要搜寻test或taste这两个单字时，可以发现到，其实她们有共通的't?st' 存在，这个时候，我可以这样来搜寻：

[dmtsai@study ~]$ grep -n 't[ae]st' regular_express.txt
8:I can't finish the test.
9:Oh! The soup taste good.

其实[] 里面不论有几个字符，他都仅代表某 “一个” 字符，所以上面的例子说明了，我需要的字串是 “tast” 或“test”两个字串而已！

如果想要 搜寻oo 但不想要oo前面有 g 的话，可以利用在集合字符的反向选择 来达成：

[dmtsai@study ~]$ grep -n '[^g]oo' regular_express.txt
2:apple is my favorite food.
3:Football game is not use feet only.
18:google is the best tools for search keyword.
19:goooooogle yes!

假设我 oo 前面不想要有小写字符，可以这样写：

[dmtsai@study ~]$ grep -n '[^a-z]oo' regular_express.txt
3:Football game is not use feet only.

# 指令也可以是： [dmtsai@study ~]$ grep -n '[^[:lower:]]oo' regular_express.txt
# 那个 [:lower:] 代表的就是 a-z 的意思！请参考前两小节的说明表格

• 例题三、行首与行尾字符 ^ $

如果想要让 the 只在行首列出：

[dmtsai@study ~]$ grep -n '^the' regular_express.txt
12:the symbol '*' is represented as start.

如果我想要开头是小写字符的那一行就列出：

[dmtsai@study ~]$ grep -n '^[a-z]' regular_express.txt
2:apple is my favorite food.
4:this dress doesn't fit me.
10:motorcycle is cheap than car.
12:the symbol '*' is represented as start.
18:google is the best tools for search keyword.
19:goooooogle yes!
20:go! go! Let's go.

# 指令也可以是： [dmtsai@study ~]$ grep -n '^[[:lower:]]' regular_express.txt

如果我不想要开头是英文字母：

[dmtsai@study ~]$ grep -n '^[^a-zA-Z]' regular_express.txt
1:"Open Source" is a good mechanism to develop programs.
21:# I am VBird
# 指令也可以是： grep -n '^[^[:alpha:]]' regular_express.txt

注意：那个^符号，在字符集合符号（括号 []）之内与之外是不同的！ 在 [] 内代表 “反向选择”，在 []
之外则代表定位在行首的意义。

如果我想要找出来，行尾结束为小数点 . 的那一行：

[dmtsai@study ~]$ grep -n '\.$' regular_express.txt
1:"Open Source" is a good mechanism to develop programs.
2:apple is my favorite food.
3:Football game is not use feet only.
4:this dress doesn't fit me.
10:motorcycle is cheap than car.
11:This window is clear.
12:the symbol '*' is represented as start.
15:You are the best is mean you are the no. 1.
16:The world <Happy> is the same with "glad".
17:I like dog.
18:google is the best tools for search keyword.
20:go! go! Let's go.

如果我想要找出来，哪一行是 “空白行”， 也就是说，该行并没有输入任何数据：

[dmtsai@study ~]$ grep -n '^$' regular_express.txt
22:

• 例题四、任意一个字符 . 与重复字符 *
.和*这两个符号在正则表达式的意义如下：

• . （小数点）：代表 “一定有一个任意字符” 的意思；

• *（星星号）：代表 “重复前一个字符， 0 到无穷多次” 的意思，为组合形态

假设我需要找出 g??d 的字串，亦即共有四个字符， 起头是 g 而结束是 d ，我可以这样做：

[dmtsai@study ~]$ grep -n 'g..d' regular_express.txt
1:"Open Source" is a good mechanism to develop programs.
9:Oh! The soup taste good.
16:The world <Happy> is the same with "glad".

如果我想要字串开头与结尾都是 g，但是两个 g 之间仅能存在至少一个 o ，亦即是 gog, goog, gooog… 等等:

[dmtsai@study ~]$ grep -n 'goo*g' regular_express.txt
18:google is the best tools for search keyword.
19:goooooogle yes!

如果我想要找出 g 开头与 g 结尾的字串，当中的字符可有可无，可以这样写：

[dmtsai@study ~]$ grep -n 'g.*g' regular_express.txt
1:"Open Source" is a good mechanism to develop programs.
14:The gd software is a library for drafting programs.
18:google is the best tools for search keyword.
19:goooooogle yes!
20:go! go! Let's go.

• 例题五、限定连续 RE 字符范围 {}

如果想要限制一个范围区间内的重复字符数，举例来说，想要找出两个到五个 o 的连续字串，该如何做？这时候就得要使用到限定范围的字符 {} 了。但因为 { 与} 的符号在 shell 是有特殊意义的，因此， 我们必须要使用跳脱字符\来让他失去特殊意义才行。

假设我要找到两个 o 的字串，可以是：

[dmtsai@study ~]$ grep -n 'o\{2\}' regular_express.txt
1:"Open Source" is a good mechanism to develop programs.
2:apple is my favorite food.
3:Football game is not use feet only.
9:Oh! The soup taste good.
18:google is the best tools for search keyword.
19:goooooogle yes!

假设我们要找出 g 后面接 2 到 5 个 o ，然后再接一个 g 的字串，他会是这样：

[dmtsai@study ~]$ grep -n 'go\{2,5\}g' regular_express.txt
18:google is the best tools for search keyword.

3. 相关资料

1. 教你3分钟搞定Linux正则表达式