Python3 urllib(网络数据获取 模块)

Python3 urllib(网络数据获取 模块)

---

本文由 Luzhuo 编写,转发请保留该信息.
原文: http://blog.csdn.net/Rozol/article/details/69941511

---

以下代码以Python3.6.1为例
Less is more!

#coding=utf-8
# urllibdemo.py urllib演示

# urllib 用于处理Url相关的工具,用于从网络获取数据(网页源码/下载资源)
from urllib import request # 请求url, 支持 HTTP(0.9/1.0) / FTP / 本地文件 / URL
from urllib import parse # 解析url, 支持 file / ftp / gopher / hdl / http / https / imap / mailto / mms / news / nntp / prospero / rsync / rtsp / rtspu / sftp / shttp / sip / sips / snews / svn / svn+ssh / telnet / wais
from urllib import robotparser # 分析 robots.txt 文件
from urllib import error # 异常
import re # 正则模块
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import os

# 演示(下载斗鱼首页的图片)
def demo():
    os.mkdir("images")

    # -- 获取网页源代码 --
    f = request.urlopen("https://www.douyu.com")
    data = f.read().decode("utf-8")

    # -- 获取网页源码中的图片地址 --
    # 方式一: 正则的方式
    images = re.findall(r'src="(.*?\.(jpg|png))"', data)
    tnum = 0
    for i in images:
        # 下载资源
        request.urlretrieve(i[0], "./images/%d.%s"%(tnum, i[1]))
        tnum += 1

    # 方式二: Beautiful Soup (安装: pip install beautifulsoup4) 提取html/xml标签中的内容
    soup = BeautifulSoup(data, "html.parser")
    images = soup.find_all("img") # 取标签

    tnum = 0
    for i in images:
        # 下载资源
        imgurl = i.get("src")
        if len(imgurl) > 3:
            request.urlretrieve(imgurl, "./images/%d.jpg"%tnum)
        tnum += 1

    # -- 关闭 --
    f.close



# 参数详解
def fun():
    neturl = "http://luzhuo.me/blog/Base1.html"
    imgurl = "http://luzhuo.me/image/performers/%E5%85%B3%E6%99%93%E5%BD%A4.jpg"



    # --- urllib.parse --- 解析Url
    # - 编码 -
    neturl = "%s?%s" %(neturl, parse.urlencode({"name":"luzhuo", "age": 21})) # Get传参url构建
    data = parse.urlencode({"name":"luzhuo", "啊age": 21}).encode('ascii') # POST参参data构建

    # - 解码 -
    urls = parse.urlparse(imgurl) # => ParseResult(scheme='http', netloc='luzhuo.me', path='/image/performers/%E5%85%B3%E6%99%93%E5%BD%A4.jpg', params='', query='', fragment=''
    urls = parse.urlparse("//luzhuo.me/image/performers/%E5%85%B3%E6%99%93%E5%BD%A4.jpg?a=1")
    scheme = urls.scheme # 获取相应数据

    # - 替换 -
    url = parse.urljoin('http://luzhuo.me/blog/Base1.html', 'Fame.html') # 替换后部分 => http://luzhuo.me/blog/Fame.html
    url = parse.urljoin('http://luzhuo.me/blog/Base1.htm', '//xxx/blog') # => http://xxx/blog



    # --- urllib.reques --- 请求数据
    try:
        # - Request - 构建
        req = request.Request(neturl) # GET
        req = request.Request(neturl, headers = {"1":"2"}) # 添加请求头
        req = request.Request(neturl, data=b'This is some datas.') # POST 添加POST请求数据
        req = request.Request(neturl, data) # POST 添加POST请求数据
        req = request.Request(neturl, data=b"This is some datas.", method="PUT") # PUT 其他类型的请求

        # 获取
        url = req.full_url # 获取Url
        reqtype = req.type # 请求类型(如http)
        host = req.host # 主机名(如:luzhuo.me / luzhuo.me:8080)
        host = req.origin_req_host # 主机名(如:luzhuo.me)
        url = req.selector # url路径(如:/blog/Base1.html)
        data = req.data # 请求的实体,没有为Noce
        boolean = req.unverifiable # 是否是RFC 2965定义的不可验证的
        method = req.get_method() # 请求方式(如:GET / POST)
        # 修改
        req.add_header("User-Agent", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/56.0.2924.87 Safari/537.36") # 添加请求头,键冲突将覆盖
        req.add_unredirected_header("Key", "value") # 添加不会重定向的请求头
        req.remove_header("Key") # 删除请求头
        req.get_header("Key") # 获取请求头, 无返回None
        req.get_header("Key", "None.") # 获取请求头
        boolean = req.has_header("Key") # 是否有该请求头
        headers = req.header_items() # (所有)请求头列表
        req.set_proxy("220.194.55.160:3128", "http") # 设置代理(主机,类型)
        # 下载
        filename, headers = request.urlretrieve(imgurl) # 下载资源(不提供文件名不复制), 返回(文件名,头信息)元组
        filename, headers = request.urlretrieve(imgurl, filename="./xxx.jpg", reporthook=callback, data=None) # reporthook下载进度回调
        request.urlcleanup() # 清除下载的临时文件



        # - response - 请求结果
        res = request.urlopen(neturl) # GET 打开Url,返回response
        res = request.urlopen(neturl, data=b'This is some datas.') # POST 添加POST请求数据
        res = request.urlopen(req) # 支持 Request 参数
        # 获取信息
        data = res.read().decode("utf-8") # 读取全部数据
        data = res.readline().decode("utf-8") # 读取行数据
        url = res.geturl() # 获取Url
        info = res.info() # 元信息,如头信息
        code = res.getcode() # 状态码

        # 释放资源
        res.close



    # --- urllib.error ---
    except error.URLError as e:
        print(e)
    except error.HTTPError as e:
        # code / reason / headers 异常
        print(e)
    except error.ContentTooShortError as e:
        # 数据下载异常
        print(e)



def robot():
    # --- urllib.robotparser --- robots.txt
    rp = robotparser.RobotFileParser()
    rp.set_url("https://www.zhihu.com/robots.txt") # 设置指向 robots.txt 文件的网址
    rp.read() # 获取数据给解析器
    boolean = rp.can_fetch("*", "http://www.musi-cal.com/") # 是否允许提取该url
    time = rp.mtime() # 获取 robots.txt 的时间
    rp.modified() # 将 robots.txt 时间设为当前时间



# 下载进度回调
def callback(datanum, datasize, filesize): # (数据块数量 数据块大小 文件大小)
    down = 100 * datanum * datasize / filesize

    if down > 100:
        down = 100

    print ("%.2f%%"%down)



import ssl

# 访问https时, 未经过ssl证书验证的网页
# [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED]
def https():
    url = 'https://www.12306.cn'

    # 忽略未经核实的ssl证书验证
    context = ssl._create_unverified_context()

    req = request.Request(url)
    res = request.urlopen(req, context=context)
    data = res.read().decode("utf-8")
    print(data)



# Handler 处理器的使用
def handler():
    url = 'http://www.baidu.com'
    # url = 'https://www.12306.cn'

    # --- 几个常用的Handler ---
    # 支持处理 HTTP URL 的Handler
    handler = request.HTTPHandler()  # debuglevel=1 打开调试信息, 自动输出调试信息


    # 支持处理 HTTPS URL 的Handler
    context = ssl._create_unverified_context()  # 忽略未经核实的ssl证书验证
    handler = request.HTTPSHandler(context=context)


    # 支持代理的Handler
    proxy = {
        "http": "113.221.47.13:39249",  # 免费代理
        # "http": "账号:密码@183.56.177.130:808",  # 授权代理
    }
    handler = request.ProxyHandler(proxy)


    # 存放cookie的HTTPCookieProcessor对象
    handler = request.HTTPCookieProcessor()


    # HTTP 身份验证的Handler
    passwordMgr = request.HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm()  # 保存 账号密码 映射的管理类
    passwordMgr.add_password(None, '192.168.0.1', 'user', 'password')  # 添加账户密码,
    handler = request.HTTPBasicAuthHandler(passwordMgr)


    # 代理身份验证的Handler
    handler = request.ProxyBasicAuthHandler(passwordMgr)  # 与`request.ProxyHandler(proxy)`效果相同



    # 构建自定义的opener
    opener = request.build_opener(handler)  # 支持添加多个handler
    req = request.Request(url)
    res = opener.open(req)

    print(res.read().decode("utf-8"))



# opener 的三种不同的请求方式(每种方式都有自己的使用场景)
def opener():
    url = 'https://www.douyu.com'

    # 方式一: 一般的使用方式
    res = request.urlopen(url)


    # 方式二: 通过自定义 opener 的方式
    handler = request.HTTPHandler()
    opener = request.build_opener(handler)
    req = request.Request(url)
    res = opener.open(req)


    # 方式三: 将opener设为全局使用, 之后所有的请求可通过urlopen()方法直接发送
    request.install_opener(opener)
    res = request.urlopen(url)

    print(res.read().decode("utf-8"))


if __name__ == "__main__":
    demo()
    fun()
    robot()
    https()
    handler()
    opener()