一、什么是Spring-boot的自动装配
自动装配是Springboot的核心,实际上 Spring Framework 早就实现了这个功能。Spring Boot 只是在其基础上,通过 SPI 的方式,做了进一步优化。
SpringBoot 定义了一套接口规范,这套规范规定:SpringBoot 在启动时会扫描外部引用 jar 包中的META-INF/spring.factories文件,将文件中配置的类型信息加载到 Spring 容器,并执行类中定义的各种操作。对于外部 jar 来说,只需要按照 SpringBoot 定义的标准,就能将自己的功能装配进 SpringBoot。
没有 Spring Boot 的情况下,如果我们需要引入第三方依赖,需要手动配置,非常麻烦。但是,在Spring Boot 中,我们直接引入一个 starter 启动器即可。比如在项目中使用 redis ,直接在项目中引入对应的 starter 即可。
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-redis</artifactId>
</dependency>
因此,自动装配可以理解为:通过注解或者一些简单的配置在Spring boot的帮助下实现某种功能
二、Spring-boot如何实现自动装配
SpringSpring-boot的核心注解:@SpringBootApplication
@Target({ElementType.TYPE})//用来限制注解的使用范围
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)//指定所修饰注解的保留策略
@Documented//文档化标记
@Inherited//使父类注解能被子类继承
@SpringBootConfiguration//声明配置注解
@EnableAutoConfiguration//开启自动配置
@ComponentScan(
excludeFilters = {@Filter(
type = FilterType.CUSTOM,
classes = {TypeExcludeFilter.class}
), @Filter(
type = FilterType.CUSTOM,
classes = {AutoConfigurationExcludeFilter.class}
)}
)//扫包
public @interface SpringBootApplication {
@AliasFor(
annotation = EnableAutoConfiguration.class
)
Class<?>[] exclude() default {};
@AliasFor(
annotation = EnableAutoConfiguration.class
)
String[] excludeName() default {};
@AliasFor(
annotation = ComponentScan.class,
attribute = "basePackages"
)
String[] scanBasePackages() default {};
@AliasFor(
annotation = ComponentScan.class,
attribute = "basePackageClasses"
)
Class<?>[] scanBasePackageClasses() default {};
@AliasFor(
annotation = ComponentScan.class,
attribute = "nameGenerator"
)
Class<? extends BeanNameGenerator> nameGenerator() default BeanNameGenerator.class;
@AliasFor(
annotation = Configuration.class
)
boolean proxyBeanMethods() default true;
}
@SpringBootConfiguration
@Target({ElementType.TYPE})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Configuration
@Indexed
public @interface SpringBootConfiguration {
@AliasFor(
annotation = Configuration.class
)
boolean proxyBeanMethods() default true;
}
可以发现,这就是一个配置注解,只不过被Spring-boot做了包装
综上,@SpringBootApplication其实是一个复合注解,可以将 @SpringBootApplication看作是 @Configuration、@EnableAutoConfiguration、@ComponentScan 注解的集合。
实现自动装配的核心注解:@EnableAutoConfiguration
@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Inherited
@AutoConfigurationPackage//将main包下的所有组件注册到容器中
@Import(AutoConfigurationImportSelector.class)//加载自动装配类
public @interface EnableAutoConfiguration {
/**
* Environment property that can be used to override when auto-configuration is
* enabled.
*/
String ENABLED_OVERRIDE_PROPERTY = "spring.boot.enableautoconfiguration";
/**
* Exclude specific auto-configuration classes such that they will never be applied.
* @return the classes to exclude
*/
Class<?>[] exclude() default {};
/**
* Exclude specific auto-configuration class names such that they will never be
* applied.
* @return the class names to exclude
* @since 1.3.0
*/
String[] excludeName() default {};
}
其中,AutoConfigurationImportSelector类的继承体系如下:
public class AutoConfigurationImportSelector implements DeferredImportSelector, BeanClassLoaderAware,
ResourceLoaderAware, BeanFactoryAware, EnvironmentAware, Ordered
public interface DeferredImportSelector extends ImportSelector
public interface ImportSelector {
String[] selectImports(AnnotationMetadata importingClassMetadata);
@Nullable
default Predicate<String> getExclusionFilter() {
return null;
}
}
可以看出,实际上最终AutoConfigurationImportSelector这个类实现了 selectImports方法,该方法主要用于获取所有符合条件的类的全限定类名,这些类需要被加载到 IOC 容器中。
@Override
public String[] selectImports(AnnotationMetadata annotationMetadata) {
if (!isEnabled(annotationMetadata)) { //判断自动装配是否打开
return NO_IMPORTS;
}
//获取所有需要装配的bean
AutoConfigurationEntry autoConfigurationEntry = getAutoConfigurationEntry(annotationMetadata);
return StringUtils.toStringArray(autoConfigurationEntry.getConfigurations());
}
其中getAutoConfigurationEntry()方法主要负责加载自动配置类。
protected AutoConfigurationEntry getAutoConfigurationEntry(AnnotationMetadata annotationMetadata) {
//判断自动装配是否打开
if (!isEnabled(annotationMetadata)) {
return EMPTY_ENTRY;
}
//获取注解属性
AnnotationAttributes attributes = getAttributes(annotationMetadata);
//读取所有预配置类
List<String> configurations = getCandidateConfigurations(annotationMetadata, attributes);
//去掉重复的配置类
configurations = removeDuplicates(configurations);
//执行
Set<String> exclusions = getExclusions(annotationMetadata, attributes);
//校验
checkExcludedClasses(configurations, exclusions);
//删除
configurations.removeAll(exclusions);
//过滤
configurations = getConfigurationClassFilter().filter(configurations);
fireAutoConfigurationImportEvents(configurations, exclusions);
//创建自动配置的对象
return new AutoConfigurationEntry(configurations, exclusions);
}
其中获取需要自动装配的所有配置类就是读取META-INF/spring.factories文件
protected List<String> getCandidateConfigurations(AnnotationMetadata metadata, AnnotationAttributes attributes) {
List<String> configurations = new ArrayList<>(
SpringFactoriesLoader.loadFactoryNames(getSpringFactoriesLoaderFactoryClass(), getBeanClassLoader()));
ImportCandidates.load(AutoConfiguration.class, getBeanClassLoader()).forEach(configurations::add);
Assert.notEmpty(configurations,
"No auto configuration classes found in META-INF/spring.factories nor in META-INF/spring/org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.AutoConfiguration.imports. If you "
+ "are using a custom packaging, make sure that file is correct.");
return configurations;
}
综上,Spring-Boot 通过@EnableAutoConfiguration开启自动装配,通过 SpringFactoriesLoader 最终加载META-INF/spring.factories中的自动配置类实现自动装配,自动配置类其实就是通过@Conditional按需加载的配置类,想要其生效必须引入spring-boot-starter-xxx包实现依赖。