特别鸣谢:http://www.cnblogs.com/hongwz/p/5456578.html
Maven的作用
- 在开发中,为了保证编译通过,我们会到处去寻找jar包,当编译通过了,运行的时候,却发现"ClassNotFoundException",我们想到的是,难道还差jar包?
- 每个Java项目的目录结构都没有一个统一的标准,配置文件到处都是,单元测试代码到底应该放在那里也没有一个权威的规范。
- 因此,我们就要用到Maven(使用Ant也可以,不过编写Ant的xml脚本比较麻烦)----一个项目管理工具。
- Maven主要做了两件事:
- 统一开发规范与工具
- 统一管理jar包
下面我们来对比一下,首先建立一个普通的Java工程,是这样的:
这个我们都很熟悉,src下建包写代码,那么配置文件放在哪里?单元测试代码放在哪里?没有一个统一标准,更多时候都是开发者的自由发挥,每个人有自己的风格,这并不十分适合团队协作。接下来,看一下使用maven构建一个普通Java项目之后的目录结构:
看到使用Maven构建的普通Java项目,对源代码、单元测试代码、资源乃至后续需要的文件都有专门的目录规划。
上面的最后有一个pom.xml,这是Maven的核心配置文件,pom称为Project Object Model(项目对象模型),它用于描述整个Maven项目,所以也称为Maven描述文件。
当然事情不会这么简单,接下来,继续进入Maven的世界吧。
pom.xml
打开pom.xml,最基础的是这样的:
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<project xmlns=
"http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
xmlns:xsi=
"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation=
"http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"
>
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<groupId>com.xrq.withmaven</groupId>
<artifactId>withmaven</artifactId>
<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
<build/>
</project>
|
因为这个配置文件是Maven的核心,因此有必要详细解读一下pom.xml,来先看一下上面的几个:
1、modelVersion
指定了当前Maven模型的版本号,对于Maven2和Maven3来说,它只能是4.0.0
2、groupId
顾名思义,这个应该是公司名或是组织名。一般来说groupId是由三个部分组成,每个部分之间以"."分隔,第一部分是项目用途,比如用于商业的就是"com",用于非营利性组织的就 是"org";第二部分是公司名,比如"tengxun"、"baidu"、"alibaba";第三部分是你的项目名
3、artifactId
可以认为是Maven构建的项目名,比如你的项目中有子项目,就可以使用"项目名-子项目名"的命名方式
4、version
版本号,SNAPSHOT意为快照,说明该项目还在开发中,是不稳定的版本。在Maven中很重要的一点是,groupId、artifactId、version三个元素生成了一个Maven项目的基本坐标,这非常重要,我在使用和研究Maven的时候多次感受到了这点。
在上面的这些元素之外,还有一些元素,同样罗列一下:
1、packing
项目打包的类型,可以使jar、war、rar、ear、pom,默认是jar
2、dependencies和dependency
前者包含后者。前面说了,Maven的一个重要作用就是统一管理jar包,为了一个项目可以build或运行,项目中不可避免的,会依赖很多其他的jar包,在Maven中,这些依赖就被称为dependency。
说到这里,就有一个本地仓库和远程仓库的概念了。官方下载的本地仓库的配置在"%MAVEN_HOME%\conf\settings.xml"里面,找一下"localRepository"就可以了;MyEclipse默认的本地仓库的地址在"{user.home}/.m2/repository"路径下,同样找一下"localRepository"就可以找到MyEclipse默认的本地仓库了。
本地仓库和远程仓库是这样的,Maven工程首先会从本地仓库中获取jar包,当无法获取指定jar包时,本地仓库会从远程仓库(中央仓库)中下载jar包,并放入本地仓库以备将来使用。
举个例子,比方说我的项目中用到了MyBatis,那么可以这么配置:
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<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.mybatis</groupId>
<artifactId>mybatis</artifactId>
<version>3.2.5</version>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
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之前有说过groupId、artifactId、version唯一标识一个Maven项目,有了这三个元素,我们就可以去远程仓库下载MyBatis3.2.5.jar到本地仓库了。回想我们之前的做法,如果要MyBatis的jar包,发现没有,然后去网上下载一个,需要另外的jar包,然后去网上下载一个,但是有了Maven,就方便多了,只需要配置jar包对应的dependency依赖,Maven会自动帮助我们去远程仓库中下载jar包到本地仓库中。
3、properties
properties是用来定义一些配置属性的,例如project.build.sourceEncoding(项目构建源码编码方式),可以设置为UTF-8,防止中文乱码,也可定义相关构建版本号,便于日后统一升级。
4、build
build表示与构建相关的配置,比如build下有finalName,表示的就是最终构建之后的名称。
接着解释一下Maven的目录结构:
- main目录下是项目的主要代码,test目录下存放测试相关的代码
- 编译输出后的代码会放在target目录下
- src/main/java下存放Java代码,src/main/resources下存放配置文件
- 这里没有webapp,Web项目会有webapp目录,webapp下存放Web应用相关代码
- pom.xml是Maven项目的配置文件
- pom.xml文件配置
- <project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<groupId>hotelsup</groupId>
<artifactId>hotelsup</artifactId>
<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
<packaging>war</packaging>
<name>hotelsup</name>
<description />
<!-- 加入本地私服 -->
<!-- 设定主仓库 -->
<repositories>
<!-- nexus私服 -->
<repository>
<id>nexus-repos</id>
<name>Team Nexus Repository</name>
<url>http://192.168.0.107:8081/nexus/content/groups/public/</url>
<releases>
<enabled>true</enabled>
</releases>
<snapshots>
<enabled>true</enabled>
</snapshots>
</repository>
</repositories>
<!-- 设定插件仓库 -->
<pluginRepositories>
<pluginRepository>
<id>nexus-repos</id>
<name>Team Nexus Repository</name>
<url>http://192.168.0.107:8081/nexus/content/groups/public/</url>
<releases>
<enabled>true</enabled>
</releases>
<snapshots>
<enabled>true</enabled>
</snapshots>
</pluginRepository>
</pluginRepositories>
<properties>
<webVersion>3.0</webVersion>
<project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
<!-- spring版本号 -->
<spring.version>4.0.2.RELEASE</spring.version>
<!-- mybatis版本号 -->
<mybatis.version>3.2.6</mybatis.version>
<!-- log4j日志文件管理包版本 -->
<slf4j.version>1.7.7</slf4j.version>
<log4j.version>1.2.17</log4j.version>
</properties>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.glassfish</groupId>
<artifactId>bean-validator</artifactId>
<version>3.0-JBoss-4.0.2</version>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.glassfish</groupId>
<artifactId>javax.enterprise.deploy</artifactId>
<version>3.0.1</version>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.glassfish</groupId>
<artifactId>javax.jms</artifactId>
<version>3.0.1</version>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.glassfish</groupId>
<artifactId>javax.management.j2ee</artifactId>
<version>3.0.1</version>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.eclipse.persistence</groupId>
<artifactId>javax.persistence</artifactId>
<version>2.0.0</version>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.glassfish</groupId>
<artifactId>javax.resource</artifactId>
<version>3.0.1</version>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.glassfish</groupId>
<artifactId>javax.security.auth.message</artifactId>
<version>3.0.1</version>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.glassfish</groupId>
<artifactId>javax.security.jacc</artifactId>
<version>3.0.1</version>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.glassfish</groupId>
<artifactId>javax.servlet</artifactId>
<version>3.0.1</version>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.glassfish</groupId>
<artifactId>javax.servlet.jsp</artifactId>
<version>3.0.1</version>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.glassfish</groupId>
<artifactId>javax.servlet.jsp.jstl</artifactId>
<version>3.0.1</version>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>javax.xml.bind</groupId>
<artifactId>jaxb-api-osgi</artifactId>
<version>2.2.1</version>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>javax.ws.rs</groupId>
<artifactId>jsr311-api</artifactId>
<version>1.1.1</version>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.glassfish.web</groupId>
<artifactId>jstl-impl</artifactId>
<version>1.2</version>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>javax.mail</groupId>
<artifactId>mail</artifactId>
<version>1.4.3</version>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>javax.xml</groupId>
<artifactId>webservices-api-osgi</artifactId>
<version>2.0.1</version>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.jboss.weld</groupId>
<artifactId>weld-osgi-bundle</artifactId>
<version>1.0.1-SP3</version>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.glassfish.web</groupId>
<artifactId>javax.servlet.jsp.jstl</artifactId>
<version>1.2.1</version>
</dependency>
<!-- 引入SSM框架的jar包 -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.glassfish</groupId>
<artifactId>bean-validator</artifactId>
<version>3.0-JBoss-4.0.2</version>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.glassfish</groupId>
<artifactId>javax.enterprise.deploy</artifactId>
<version>3.0.1</version>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.glassfish</groupId>
<artifactId>javax.jms</artifactId>
<version>3.0.1</version>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.glassfish</groupId>
<artifactId>javax.management.j2ee</artifactId>
<version>3.0.1</version>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.eclipse.persistence</groupId>
<artifactId>javax.persistence</artifactId>
<version>2.0.0</version>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.glassfish</groupId>
<artifactId>javax.resource</artifactId>
<version>3.0.1</version>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.glassfish</groupId>
<artifactId>javax.security.auth.message</artifactId>
<version>3.0.1</version>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.glassfish</groupId>
<artifactId>javax.security.jacc</artifactId>
<version>3.0.1</version>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.glassfish</groupId>
<artifactId>javax.servlet</artifactId>
<version>3.0.1</version>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.glassfish</groupId>
<artifactId>javax.servlet.jsp</artifactId>
<version>3.0.1</version>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.glassfish</groupId>
<artifactId>javax.servlet.jsp.jstl</artifactId>
<version>3.0.1</version>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>javax.xml.bind</groupId>
<artifactId>jaxb-api-osgi</artifactId>
<version>2.2.1</version>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>javax.ws.rs</groupId>
<artifactId>jsr311-api</artifactId>
<version>1.1.1</version>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.glassfish.web</groupId>
<artifactId>jstl-impl</artifactId>
<version>1.2</version>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>javax.mail</groupId>
<artifactId>mail</artifactId>
<version>1.4.3</version>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>javax.xml</groupId>
<artifactId>webservices-api-osgi</artifactId>
<version>2.0.1</version>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.jboss.weld</groupId>
<artifactId>weld-osgi-bundle</artifactId>
<version>1.0.1-SP3</version>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.glassfish.web</groupId>
<artifactId>javax.servlet.jsp.jstl</artifactId>
<version>1.2.1</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>junit</groupId>
<artifactId>junit</artifactId>
<version>4.11</version>
<!-- 表示开发的时候引入,发布的时候不会加载此包 -->
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<!-- spring核心包 -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-core</artifactId>
<version>${spring.version}</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-web</artifactId>
<version>${spring.version}</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-oxm</artifactId>
<version>${spring.version}</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-tx</artifactId>
<version>${spring.version}</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-jdbc</artifactId>
<version>${spring.version}</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-webmvc</artifactId>
<version>${spring.version}</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-aop</artifactId>
<version>${spring.version}</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-context-support</artifactId>
<version>${spring.version}</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-test</artifactId>
<version>${spring.version}</version>
</dependency>
<!-- 切面增强方法的jar包 -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.aspectj</groupId>
<artifactId>aspectjweaver</artifactId>
<version>1.7.4</version>
</dependency>
<!-- 引入oracle的jar包 -->
<dependency>
<groupId>com.ojdbc</groupId>
<artifactId>oracle</artifactId>
<version>1.0</version>
<classifier>ojdbc6</classifier>
</dependency>
<!-- mybatis核心包 -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.mybatis</groupId>
<artifactId>mybatis</artifactId>
<version>${mybatis.version}</version>
</dependency>
<!-- mybatis懒加载需要引入的jar包,cglib包 -->
<dependency>
<groupId>cglib</groupId>
<artifactId>cglib-nodep</artifactId>
<version>3.1</version>
</dependency>
<!-- mybatis/spring包 -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.mybatis</groupId>
<artifactId>mybatis-spring</artifactId>
<version>1.2.2</version>
</dependency>
<!-- 导入dbcp的jar包,用来在applicationContext.xml中配置数据库 -->
<dependency>
<groupId>c3p0</groupId>
<artifactId>c3p0</artifactId>
<version>0.9.1.2</version>
</dependency>
<!-- 日志文件管理包 -->
<!-- log start -->
<dependency>
<groupId>log4j</groupId>
<artifactId>log4j</artifactId>
<version>${log4j.version}</version>
</dependency>
<!-- 格式化对象,方便输出日志 -->
<dependency>
<groupId>com.alibaba</groupId>
<artifactId>fastjson</artifactId>
<version>1.1.41</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
<artifactId>slf4j-api</artifactId>
<version>${slf4j.version}</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
<artifactId>slf4j-log4j12</artifactId>
<version>${slf4j.version}</version>
</dependency>
<!-- log end -->
<!-- 映入JSON -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.codehaus.jackson</groupId>
<artifactId>jackson-mapper-asl</artifactId>
<version>1.9.13</version>
</dependency>
<!-- 上传组件包 -->
<dependency>
<groupId>commons-fileupload</groupId>
<artifactId>commons-fileupload</artifactId>
<version>1.3.1</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>commons-io</groupId>
<artifactId>commons-io</artifactId>
<version>2.4</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>commons-codec</groupId>
<artifactId>commons-codec</artifactId>
<version>1.9</version>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
<build>
<sourceDirectory>src</sourceDirectory>
<resources>
<resource>
<directory>src</directory>
<excludes>
<exclude>**/*.java</exclude>
</excludes>
</resource>
</resources>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
<version>2.3.2</version>
<configuration>
<source>1.7</source>
<target>1.7</target>
</configuration>
</plugin>
<plugin>
<artifactId>maven-war-plugin</artifactId>
<version>2.6</version>
<configuration>
<warSourceDirectory>${basedir}/WebRoot</warSourceDirectory>
<failOnMissingWebXml>false</failOnMissingWebXml>
</configuration>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
</project>