在应用程序中实现对NandFlash的操作

在应用程序中实现对NandFlash的操作 以TC58NVG2S3ETA00 为例： 下面是它的一些物理参数： 图一             图二                       图三                 图四                           图五       图6-0 图6-1   说明一下，在图6-1中中间的那个布局表可以看做是实际的NandFlash一页数据的布局，其中Data区域用于存放有效的数据，也就是我们可以通过类似read、write、pread、pwrite可以访问的区域，那每页中的64字节的OOB区域是无法通过前面的几个函数访问的，他们会自动跳过OOB区域，访问OOB区域需要借助特殊的命令。 简单说明一下：Data A(512B)对应的ECC校验码存放在ECC for Data A(4 byte)中，OOB A （8byte) 对应的ECC校验码存放在紧接着的下一个ECC for Data A（4 byte)中，虽然用4字节存放ECC，但是对于本例，ECC只占3个字节。在实际使用中如果解决方案中用不到OOB A/B/C/D，可以不用管他们对应的ECC，只需要关心Data区域对应的ECC。如果使能了硬件ECC，硬件会自动把计算生成的ECC写到OOB中。可以参考http://www.cnblogs.com/pengdonglin137/p/3467960.html 。 读NandFlash需要按页读，即一次读一页；写NandFlash需要按页写，即每次写一页；擦除NandFlash需要按块擦，即每次要擦除一块。 对与NandFlash等块设备的访问操作，mtd-utils工具集中提供了非常好的支持（可以到http://www.linux-mtd.infradead.org/进行了解），要使用mtd-utils工具集首先需要搞到mtd-utils的源码，并且使用目标设备上的交叉工具编译链进行编译，具体方法可以参考：http://www.cnblogs.com/pengdonglin137/p/3415550.html，其中介绍了如何生成可以再目标板上运行的mtd-utils工具。关于mtd-utils工具的使用可以参考：http://www.cnblogs.com/pengdonglin137/p/3415663.html 其中介绍了mtd-utils中常用的工具。 我们可以参考mtd-utils中工具的实现，从而完成在自己的应用程序中实现对NandFlash的操作。常用的命令如下： #define MEMGETINFO        _IOR('M', 1, struct mtd_info_user)  #define MEMERASE        _IOW('M', 2, struct erase_info_user)  #define MEMWRITEOOB        _IOWR('M', 3, struct mtd_oob_buf)  #define MEMREADOOB        _IOWR('M', 4, struct mtd_oob_buf)  #define MEMLOCK            _IOW('M', 5, struct erase_info_user)  #define MEMUNLOCK        _IOW('M', 6, struct erase_info_user)  #define MEMGETREGIONCOUNT    _IOR('M', 7, int)  #define MEMGETREGIONINFO    _IOWR('M', 8, struct region_info_user)  #define MEMSETOOBSEL        _IOW('M', 9, struct nand_oobinfo)  #define MEMGETOOBSEL        _IOR('M', 10, struct nand_oobinfo)  #define MEMGETBADBLOCK        _IOW('M', 11, __kernel_loff_t)  #define MEMSETBADBLOCK        _IOW('M', 12, __kernel_loff_t)  #define OTPSELECT        _IOR('M', 13, int)  #define OTPGETREGIONCOUNT    _IOW('M', 14, int)  #define OTPGETREGIONINFO    _IOW('M', 15, struct otp_info)  #define OTPLOCK            _IOR('M', 16, struct otp_info)  #define ECCGETLAYOUT        _IOR('M', 17, struct nand_ecclayout_user)  #define ECCGETSTATS        _IOR('M', 18, struct mtd_ecc_stats)  #define MTDFILEMODE        _IO('M', 19)  #define MEMERASE64        _IOW('M', 20, struct erase_info_user64)  #define MEMWRITEOOB64        _IOWR('M', 21, struct mtd_oob_buf64)  #define MEMREADOOB64        _IOWR('M', 22, struct mtd_oob_buf64)  #define MEMISLOCKED        _IOR('M', 23, struct erase_info_user)   打开设备 这里需要注意的是，打开的设备结点是/dev/mtd?，而不是/dec/mtdblock?，原因可以参考： http://www.cnblogs.com/pengdonglin137/p/3316523.html，其中介绍了mtd与mtdblock的区别。 fd = open ("/dev/mtd0", O_SYNC | O_RDWR);   获取设备信息 #include structmtd_info_user { __u8 type; __u32 flags; __u32 size; // Total size of the MTD __u32 erasesize; __u32 writesize; __u32 oobsize;// Amount of OOB data per block (e.g. 16) __u32 ecctype; __u32 eccsize; }; struct mtd_info_user mtd; ioctl(fd, MEMGETINFO,&mtd) ; 其中type可以用来区分是NorFlash还是NandFlash。 擦除NandFlash #include #include struct erase_info_user {     __u32 start;     __u32 length; }; typedef struct erase_info_user erase_info_t; erase_info_t erase; int isNAND, bbtest = 1; erase.length = DevInfo->erasesize; // erase.length 表示的是擦除大小，也就是一块的大小，如128KB // DevInfo->size 为某个/dev/mtdx的大小 // erasse.start应该是按块对齐递增 isNAND = (DevInfo->typenum== MTD_NANDFLASH) ? 1 : 0; for (erase.start = 0; erase.start <  DevInfo->size; erase.start += DevInfo->erasesize)  {         if (bbtest)          {             loff_t offset = erase.start;             int ret = ioctl(DevInfo->fd, MEMGETBADBLOCK, &offset); //判断是不是坏块             if (ret > 0)              {                 if (!quiet)                     DEBUG ("\nSkipping bad block at 0xx\n", erase.start);                 continue;//发现是坏块，应该跳过             }              else if (ret < 0)              {                 if (errno == EOPNOTSUPP)                  {                     bbtest = 0;                     if (isNAND)                      {                         fprintf(stderr, "%s: Bad block check not available\n", DevInfo->dir);                         return 1;                     }                 }                  else                  {                     fprintf(stderr, "\n%s: MTD get bad block failed: %s\n", DevInfo->dir, strerror(errno));                     return 1;                 }             }         }         if (!quiet)         {             fprintf(stderr, "\rErasing %d Kibyte @ %x -- %2llu %% complete.", \                 (DevInfo->erasesize) / 1024, erase.start,                 (unsigned long long) erase.start * 100 / (DevInfo->size));         }         if (ioctl(DevInfo->fd, MEMERASE, &erase) != 0) //执行擦除操作         {             fprintf(stderr, "\n%s: MTD Erase failure: %s\n", DevInfo->dir,strerror(errno));             continue;         } } 写NandFlash 这里分为写数据区和写OOB区 写数据区，对于本例一次要写一页，也就是2KB，写OOB区，对于本例可以操作的只有32字节，剩下的32字节用于存放ECC。 struct mtd_oob_buf { __u32 start; __u32 length; unsigned char *ptr; }; int nandwrite(DeviceInfo* meminfo) { int imglen = 0, pagelen; bool baderaseblock = false; int blockstart = -1; loff_t offs; int ret, readlen; unsigned char tmp_oob[32];//OOB A/B/C/D,一共32字节 struct mtd_oob_buf OOB_INFO ; sourceaddr = meminfo->head->file_offset; //要读的部分在镜像文件中的偏移量 sourcelen = meminfo->head->size; //要读的部分的大小 int num_to_read = 0; OOB_INFO.start = 0; OOB_INFO.length = meminfo->head->oob_usr_length; //32字节，用户可以访问的OOB的大小，也就是OOB A/B/C/D OOB_INFO.ptr = tmp_oob; pagelen = meminfo->writesize; // 2KB imglen = sourcelen; // 镜像文件的长度 mtdoffset = meminfo->head->flash_offset; //要写的部分在/dev/mtdx中的偏移量，以字节为单位 if (0 == sourceaddr) { DEBUG("Have no sourceaddr return ****************************\n"); return 1; } // Check, if length fits into device if ( ((imglen / pagelen) * meminfo->writesize) > (meminfo->size - mtdoffset)) { fprintf (stderr, "Image %d bytes, NAND page %d bytes, OOB area %u bytes, device size %u bytes\n", imglen, pagelen, meminfo->writesize, meminfo->size); perror ("Input file does not fit into device"); goto closeall; } while ((imglen>0) && (mtdoffset < meminfo->size)) { //blockstart 将来存放的是正在写的那块的起始地址，并且是块对齐的 //mtdoffset 表示的是在某个mtd设备中的整体偏移量，可以按块递增，也可以按页递增 //设置blockstart的目的是: // 假如检测到一个好的块，开始进行写操作，但是在写的过程中发生了写错误，可以认为这块已经 //是坏块了，需要重新再找一个好的块，然后重新写入之前的数据，因此需要知道刚才那个坏块的起始地址 // mtdoffset & (~meminfo->erasesize + 1) 这种获取块起始地址的算法值得借鉴 while (blockstart != (mtdoffset & (~meminfo->erasesize + 1))) { blockstart = mtdoffset & (~meminfo->erasesize + 1); offs = blockstart; baderaseblock = false; if (!quiet) { fprintf (stderr, "\rWriting data to block %d at offset 0x%x", \ blockstart / meminfo->erasesize, blockstart); } // meminfo->fd 是某个/dev/mtdx的文件描述符 do { if ((ret = ioctl(meminfo->fd, MEMGETBADBLOCK, &offs)) < 0) { perror("ioctl(MEMGETBADBLOCK)"); goto closeall; } if (ret == 1) { baderaseblock = true; if (!quiet) { fprintf (stderr, "Bad block at %x block(s) " "from %x will be skipped\n", (int) offs, blockstart); } } if (baderaseblock) { mtdoffset = blockstart + meminfo->erasesize; } offs += meminfo->erasesize; } while ( offs < blockstart + meminfo->erasesize ); } readlen = meminfo->writesize; // 2KB if (0 != sourceaddr) { if((meminfo->head->imageType == YAFFS) || (meminfo->head->imageType == OOB_RAW)) { writeoob = true; } else { writeoob = false; } memset(writebuf, 0xff, sizeof(writebuf)); if(imglen <<span style="font-family: 'Courier New' !important; font-size: 12px !important;"> readlen) { num_to_read = imglen; } else { num_to_read = readlen; } // 从镜像文件中偏移量为sourceaddr处读取num_to_read个字节到writebuf中 // ALLIMAGEFD 为镜像文件的文件描述符 if(pread(ALLIMAGEFD, writebuf, num_to_read, sourceaddr) < 0) { perror("fail to pread\n"); return -1; } sourceaddr += num_to_read; if(writeoob) { memset(tmp_oob, 0xff , OOB_FREE_MAX); // 从镜像文件中偏移量为sourceaddr+meminfo->head->oob_usr_offset处读取meminfo->head->oob_usr_length个字节到tmp_oob中，其中meminfo->head->oob_usr_offset是OOB A相对与OOB区域的偏移量，meminfo->head->oob_usr_length 在本例中为32字节 if(pread(ALLIMAGEFD, tmp_oob, meminfo->head->oob_usr_length, sourceaddr+meminfo->head->oob_usr_offset) < 0) { perror("fail to pread\n"); return -1; } sourceaddr += meminfo->oobsize; } } if(-1 == pwrite(meminfo->fd, writebuf, meminfo->writesize, mtdoffset)) //写NandFlash { int rewind_blocks; off_t rewind_bytes; erase_info_t erase; perror("ioctl(MEMEWRITEPAGE)"); rewind_blocks = (mtdoffset - blockstart) / meminfo->writesize; rewind_bytes = (rewind_blocks * meminfo->writesize) + readlen; if (writeoob) { rewind_bytes += (rewind_blocks + 1) * meminfo->oobsize; } sourceaddr -= rewind_bytes; erase.start = blockstart; erase.length = meminfo->erasesize; fprintf(stderr, "Erasing failed write from lx-lx\n", (long)erase.start, (long)erase.start+erase.length-1); if (ioctl(meminfo->fd, MEMERASE, &erase) != 0) { perror("MEMERASE"); goto closeall; } if (markbad) { loff_t bad_addr = mtdoffset & (~meminfo->erasesize + 1); fprintf(stderr, "Marking block at lx bad\n", (long)bad_addr); if (ioctl(meminfo->fd, MEMSETBADBLOCK, &bad_addr)) { perror("MEMSETBADBLOCK"); } } mtdoffset = blockstart + meminfo->erasesize; imglen += rewind_blocks * meminfo->writesize; if(writeoob) { imglen += rewind_blocks * meminfo->oobsize; } continue; } imglen -= readlen; if(writeoob) { imglen -= meminfo->oobsize; OOB_INFO.start = mtdoffset; if (ioctl(meminfo->fd, MEMWRITEOOB, &OOB_INFO)) { perror("fail to ioctl"); } } mtdoffset += meminfo->writesize; } closeall: if ((imglen > 0)) { perror ("Data was only partially written due to error\n"); exit (EXIT_FAILURE); } return EXIT_SUCCESS; }   对于写NandFlash，有的设备支持一次性把data和oob一块写进去。代码如下： struct mtd_info_user {     uint8_t type;     uint32_t flags;     uint32_t size;     // Total size of the MTD     uint32_t erasesize;     uint32_t writesize;     uint32_t oobsize;   // Amount of OOB data per block (e.g. 16)         uint32_t ecctype;     uint32_t eccsize; }; struct mtd_epage_buf  {     unsigned long long  start;     unsigned long       data_len;     unsigned long       oob_len;     unsigned char     * data_ptr;     unsigned char     * oob_ptr;  }; #define MEMEWRITEPAGE _IOWR('M', 23, struct mtd_epage_buf) #define MAX_PAGE_SIZE 8192 #define MAX_OOB_SIZE 512 unsigned char writebuf[MAX_PAGE_SIZE]; char oobbuf[MAX_OOB_SIZE]; int nandwrite(int argc, char * const argv[]) {         int fd = -1;         int imglen = 0, pagelen;     bool baderaseblock = false;     int blockstart = -1;     struct mtd_info_user meminfo;     struct mtd_epage_buf eccbuf;     loff_t offs;     int ret, readlen;         mtdoffset = 0;     erase_buffer(oobbuf, sizeof(oobbuf));     if (pad && writeoob) {         fprintf(stderr, "Can't pad when oob data is present.\n");         exit (EXIT_FAILURE);     }         if ((fd = open(mtd_device, O_RDWR)) == -1) {         perror(mtd_device);         exit (EXIT_FAILURE);     }         if (ioctl(fd, MEMGETINFO, &meminfo) != 0) {         perror("MEMGETINFO");         close(fd);         exit (EXIT_FAILURE);     }         if (NULL == sourceaddr) {         DEBUG("Have no sourceaddr return ****************************\n");         return 0;     }     pagelen = meminfo.writesize + ((writeoob) ? meminfo.oobsize : 0);         imglen = sourcelen;     // Check, if file is page-aligned     if ((!pad) && ((imglen % pagelen) != 0)) {         fprintf (stderr, "Input file is not page-aligned. Use the padding "                 "option.\n");         goto closeall;     }     // Check, if length fits into device     if ( ((imglen / pagelen) * meminfo.writesize) > (meminfo.size - mtdoffset)) {         fprintf (stderr, "Image %d bytes, NAND page %d bytes, OOB area %u bytes, device size %u bytes\n",                 imglen, pagelen, meminfo.writesize, meminfo.size);         perror ("Input file does not fit into device");         goto closeall;     }     const int allSizeConst = imglen;             while (imglen && (mtdoffset < meminfo.size))      {         // new eraseblock , check for bad block(s)         // Stay in the loop to be sure if the mtdoffset changes because         // of a bad block, that the next block that will be written to         // is also checked. Thus avoiding errors if the block(s) after the         // skipped block(s) is also bad (number of blocks depending on         // the blockalign         while (blockstart != (mtdoffset & (~meminfo.erasesize + 1)))          {             blockstart = mtdoffset & (~meminfo.erasesize + 1);             offs = blockstart;             baderaseblock = false;             if (!quiet)                 fprintf (stdout, "Writing data to block %d at offset 0x%x\n",                         blockstart / meminfo.erasesize, blockstart);                         do {                 if ((ret = ioctl(fd, MEMGETBADBLOCK, &offs)) < 0) {                     perror("ioctl(MEMGETBADBLOCK)");                     goto closeall;                 }                 if (ret == 1) {                     baderaseblock = true;                     if (!quiet)                         fprintf (stderr, "Bad block at %x block(s) "                                 "from %x will be skipped\n",                                 (int) offs, blockstart);                 }                 if (baderaseblock) {                     mtdoffset = blockstart + meminfo.erasesize;                 }                 offs +=  meminfo.erasesize;             } while ( offs < blockstart + meminfo.erasesize );         }         readlen = meminfo.writesize;         if (NULL != sourceaddr) {             if (pad && (imglen < readlen))             {                 readlen = imglen;                 erase_buffer(writebuf + readlen, meminfo.writesize - readlen);             }             memcpy(writebuf, sourceaddr, readlen);             sourceaddr += readlen;         }          if (writeoob) {             memcpy(oobbuf, sourceaddr, meminfo.oobsize);             sourceaddr += meminfo.oobsize;         }         eccbuf.data_ptr = writebuf;         eccbuf.data_len = meminfo.writesize;         eccbuf.oob_ptr  = oobbuf;         eccbuf.oob_len  = meminfo.oobsize;         eccbuf.start    = mtdoffset;         if (ioctl(fd, MEMEWRITEPAGE, &eccbuf) != 0)         {             int rewind_blocks;             off_t rewind_bytes;             erase_info_t erase;             perror("ioctl(MEMEWRITEPAGE)");                         rewind_blocks = (mtdoffset - blockstart) / meminfo.writesize;             rewind_bytes = (rewind_blocks * meminfo.writesize) + readlen;             if (writeoob)                 rewind_bytes += (rewind_blocks + 1) * meminfo.oobsize;             sourceaddr -= rewind_bytes;             erase.start = blockstart;             erase.length = meminfo.erasesize;             fprintf(stderr, "Erasing failed write from lx-lx\n",                     (long)erase.start, (long)erase.start+erase.length-1);             if (ioctl(fd, MEMERASE, &erase) != 0) {                 perror("MEMERASE");                 goto closeall;             }             if (markbad) {                 loff_t bad_addr = mtdoffset & (~meminfo.erasesize + 1);                 fprintf(stderr, "Marking block at lx bad\n", (long)bad_addr);                 if (ioctl(fd, MEMSETBADBLOCK, &bad_addr)) {                     perror("MEMSETBADBLOCK");                                     }             }             mtdoffset = blockstart + meminfo.erasesize;             imglen += rewind_blocks * meminfo.writesize;             continue;         }         imglen -= (readlen + meminfo.oobsize);         mtdoffset += meminfo.writesize;     } closeall:     close(fd);     if ((imglen > 0)) {         perror ("Data was only partially written due to error\n");         exit (EXIT_FAILURE);     }         return EXIT_SUCCESS; }     读OOB 读OOB跟写OOB类似，只不过使用的命令是MEMREADOOB。 #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include <<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); font-family: 'Courier New' !important; font-size: 12px !important;">string.h> #include #define N 32 #define OFS (0) #define block_size (128*1024) #define page_size (2*1024) int main(int argc, const char *argv[]) { int fd; int i, j; unsigned char oob_data[32] = { 0x53, 0x50, 0x4c, 0x20, 0, 0xff, 0, 0xff, 0x53, 0x50, 0x4c, 0x20, 0, 0xff, 0, 0xff, 0x53, 0x50, 0x4c, 0x20, 0, 0xff, 0, 0xff, 0x53, 0x50, 0x4c, 0x20, 0, 0xff, 0, 0xff }; unsigned char oobbuf[N]; struct mtd_oob_buf oob = {0, N, oobbuf}; struct mtd_oob_buf my_oob = {0, N, oob_data}; fd = open("/dev/mtd0", O_RDWR); if(fd < 0) { perror("fail to open\n"); exit(-1); } if(ioctl(fd, MEMWRITEOOB, &my_oob)) { perror("fail to ioctl"); exit(-1); } memset(oobbuf, 0, sizeof(oobbuf)); oob.start = OFS; if (ioctl(fd, MEMREADOOB, &oob)) { perror("fail to ioctl"); exit(-1); } for(i=0; i) { if(i%8 == 0) { printf("\n"); } printf("%#x ", oobbuf[i]); } printf("\n\n"); close (fd); return 0; } include sys/ioctl.h include stdio.h include mtd/mtd-user.h include sys/types.h include sys/stat.h include fcntl.h include unistd.h include string.h include stdlib.h #define N 32 #define OFS    (0) #define block_size (128*1024) #define page_size   (2*1024) int main(int argc, const char *argv[]) {         int fd;         int i, j;         unsigned char oob_data[1024*2] =         {             0x53, 0x50, 0x4c, 0x20, 0, 0xff, 0, 0xff,              0x53, 0x50, 0x4c, 0x20, 0, 0xff, 0, 0xff,              0x53, 0x50, 0x4c, 0x20, 0, 0xff, 0, 0xff,              0x53, 0x50, 0x4c, 0x20, 0, 0xff, 0, 0xff         };          unsigned char oobbuf[N];                 struct mtd_oob_buf oob = {0, N, oobbuf};         struct mtd_oob_buf my_oob = {0, N, oob_data};                 fd = open("/dev/mtd3", O_RDWR);         if(fd < 0)         {               perror("fail to open\n");               exit(-1);         }                 pwrite(fd, oob_data, 1024*2, 1024*4);//写时必须页对齐，一次写一页（2k）的整数位         memset(oob_data,0,32);         pread(fd, oob_data, 32, 1024*4);                 for(i=0;i<32;i++)         {             if(i%8==0)                  printf("\n");             printf("%2x ",oob_data[i]);         }         printf("\n");         return 0; }