接上篇,本文主要介绍表征抽象数据类型的几个基础类,包括:Object类(the top of the class hierarchy)、NullObject和Wrapper<T>。
一、Object(点击打开链接)
Object是类层次中最顶层的抽象类,除Ownership外,该体系中所有其它的类都派生自Object。这种设计的好处是:1)可以通过Object设定公共接口;2)通过指针或引用以及cast实现类型转换(在C#称为装箱和出箱)。
Object的声明代码如下:
#pragma once
#include <iostream>
class Object
{
public:
virtual ~Object();
virtual bool IsNull() const;
virtual int Compare(Object const &) const;
//virtual std::hash<Object> Hash() const = 0;
virtual void Put(std::ostream &)const = 0;
protected:
virtual int CompareTo(Object const &) const = 0;
};
extern bool operator ==(Object const & left, Object const & right);
extern bool operator !=(Object const & left, Object const & right);
extern bool operator <(Object const & left, Object const & right);
extern bool operator <=(Object const & left, Object const & right);
extern bool operator >(Object const & left, Object const & right);
extern bool operator >=(Object const & left, Object const & right);
extern std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & s, Object const & object);
template <typename T>
int Compare(T const & left, T const & right)
{
int result = 0;
if (left == right)
result = 0;
else if (left > right)
result = 1;
else
result = -1;
return result;
}
1,非纯虚的“Compare函数”与纯虚的“CompareTo函数”的设计,采用的就是“non-virtual iterface(NVI)”设计手法。参考《Effective C++》的item 35。这种设计的好处是在“Compare函数”中设定场景,再让“CompareTo函数”去实现多态。“Compare函数”用于各种比较操作符的重载函数。
2,“Put函数”用于流操作符重载函数。
Object的实现代码:
#include "stdafx.h"
#include "Object.h"
#include <typeinfo> // for typeid
#include <type_traits> // for std::is_same
Object::~Object()
{
}
bool Object::IsNull() const
{
return false;
}
int Object::Compare(Object const & object) const
{
if (typeid(*this) == typeid(object))
return CompareTo(object);
else if (typeid(*this).before(typeid(object)))
return -1;
else
return 1;
}
bool operator ==(Object const & left, Object const & right)
{
return left.Compare(right) == 0;
}
bool operator !=(Object const & left, Object const & right)
{
return left.Compare(right) != 0;
}
bool operator <(Object const & left, Object const & right)
{
return left.Compare(right) < 0;
}
bool operator <=(Object const & left, Object const & right)
{
return left.Compare(right) <= 0;
}
bool operator >(Object const & left, Object const & right)
{
return left.Compare(right) == 0;
}
bool operator >=(Object const & left, Object const & right)
{
return left.Compare(right) >= 0;
}
std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & s, Object const & object)
{
object.Put(s);
return s;
}
注:typeid应于运行时类型识别,type_traits是泛型编程中在编译期类型的识别。
二、The NullObject Singleton Class(点击打开链接)
NullObject是派生在Object的一个具体类,它表示空,用于占位,使得某些编程操作一致。此外,它采用单例设计模式,方便调用。
#pragma once
#include "Object.h"
class NullObject : public Object
{
public:
bool IsNull() const;
//std::hash<Object> Hash() const;
void Put(std::ostream &)const;
static NullObject & Instance();
protected:
int CompareTo(Object const &) const;
private:
NullObject();
static NullObject instance;
};
实现代码:
#include "stdafx.h"
#include "NullObject.h"
NullObject NullObject::instance;
NullObject::NullObject()
{
}
bool NullObject::IsNull() const
{
return true;
}
int NullObject::CompareTo(Object const &) const
{
return 0;
}
//std::hash<Object> NullObject::Hash() const
//{
// return 0;
//}
void NullObject::Put(std::ostream & s) const
{
s << "NullObject";
}
NullObject & NullObject::Instance()
{
return instance;
}
三、Object Wrappers for the Build-in Types( 点击打开链接)
Wrapper是一个包装器,它的作用是包裹内置类型,使内置类型也可像其他Object的派生类一样参与操作。
#ifndef WRAPPER_H
#define WRAPPER_H
#include "Object.h"
#include <algorithm>
template <typename T>
class Wrapper : public Object
{
public:
Wrapper() : datum() {}
Wrapper(T const & d) : datum(d) {}
Wrapper & operator = (T const & d)
{
datum = d;
return *this;
}
operator T const &() const { return datum; }
//std::hash<Object> Hash() const;
void Put(std::ostream & s) const { s << datum; }
protected:
int CompareTo(Object const &) const;
T datum;
};
template <typename T>
int Wrapper<T>::CompareTo(Object const & obj) const
{
Wrapper<T> const & arg =
dynamic_cast<Wrapper<T> const &>(obj);
return ::Compare(datum, arg.datum);
}
#endif // WRAPPER_H
注:这是一个泛型类,支持所有内置类型,包括std::string。
测试代码如下:
#include "Wrapper.h"
#include <string>
typedef Wrapper<int> Int;
typedef Wrapper<char> Char;
typedef Wrapper<double> Double;
typedef Wrapper<std::string> String;
int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
{
Int a = 5;
Int b = -3;
a.Compare(Int(8));
String str1("djaojo");
String str2("doaojo");
str1.Compare(str2);
return 0;
}