七、用户输入和while循环

1. input()

(1) 工作原理

让程序暂停运行，等待用户输入，在用户按回车键后将用户输入存储在变量中并继续运行

prompt = “If you tell us who you are, we can personalize the messages you see.”
# += 在字符串末尾附加字符串
prompt += "\nWhat is your first name?"
name = input(prompt)
print("\nHello, " + name + "!")

(2) int() 获取数值输入

input() 将用户输入解读为字符串，int() 可将输入视为数值

• 注意：并非真的转换
• 将数值输入用于计算和比较前，务必将其转换为数值表示

>>> age = input("How old are you?")
How old are you? 21
>>> age
'21'

>>> age = int(age)
>>> age >= 18
True

(3) 求模运算符 %

>>> 4 % 3
1
>>> 5 % 3
2
>>> 6 % 3
0
>>> 7 % 3
1

(4) Python 2.7 中获取输入

raw_input()

• Python 2.7的 input() 将用户输入解读为Python代码并运行

2. while循环

(1) 让用户选择何时退出

prompt = "\nTell me something, and I will repeat it back to you:"
prompt += "\nEnter 'quit' to end the program."
message = ""
while message != 'quit':
    message = input(prompt)
    if message != 'quit'
        print(message)
        
=>


Tell me something, and I will repeat it back to you:
Enter 'quit' to end the program. Hello everyone!
Hello everyone!

Tell me something, and I will repeat it back to you:
Enter 'quit' to end the program. Hello again!
Hello again!

Tell me something, and I will repeat it back to you:
Enter 'quit' to end the program. quit

(2) 使用标志

prompt = "\nTell me something, and I will repeat it back to you:"
prompt += "\nEnter 'quit' to end the program."
active = True
# 简化了while语句，因为不需要在其中做任何比较
while active:
    message = input(prompt)
    if message == 'quit':
        active = False
    else:
        print(message)

(3) break

可退出任何循环，包括while和for

prompt = "\nPlease enter the name of a city you have visited:"
prompt += "\n(Enter 'quit' when you are finished.)"
while True:
    city = input(prompt)
    if city == 'quit':
# 末尾无分号
        break
    else:
        print("I'd love to go to " + city.title() + "!")
=>

Please enter the name of a city you have visited:
Enter 'quit' when you are finished. New York
I'd love to go to New York!

Please enter the name of a city you have visited:
Enter 'quit' when you are finished. San Francisco
I'd love to go to San Francisco!

Please enter the name of a city you have visited:
Enter 'quit' when you are finished. quit

(4) continue

返回到循环开头，并根据条件测试结果决定是否继续执行循环

current_number = 0
while current_number < 10:
    current_number += 1
    if current_number % 2 == 0
        continue
    print(current_number)
    
=>

1
3
5
7
9

(5) 退出无限循环

有以下两种方式

• Ctrl + C
• 关闭显示程序输出的终端窗口

(6) 处理列表

在for循环中不应修改列表，否则将导致Python难以跟踪其中的元素，要在遍历的同时修改，可使用while

1) 在列表之间移动元素

unconfirmed_users = ['alice', 'brian', 'candace']
confirmed_users = []
# "while 列表名"：列表不为空返回True，否则返回False
while unconfirmed_users:
    current_user = unconfirmed_users.pop()
    print("Verifying user: " + current_user.title())
    unconfirmed_users.append(current_user)
print("\nThe following users have been confirmed:")
for confirmed_user in confirmed_users:
    print(confirmed_user.title())
    
=>

Verifying user: Candace
Verifying user: Brian
Verifying user: Alice

The following users have been confirmed:
Candace
Brian
Alice

2) 删除列表中所有特定值元素

pets = ['dog', 'cat', 'dog', 'goldfish', 'cat', 'rabbit', 'cat']
print(pets)
while 'cat' in pets:
    pets.remove('cat')
print(pets)

=>

['dog', 'cat', 'dog', 'goldfish', 'cat', 'rabbit', 'cat']
['dog', 'dog', 'goldfish', 'rabbit']

(7) 使用用户输入来填充字典

responses = {}
polling_active = True
while polling_active:
    name = input("\nWhat is your name?")
    response = input("Which mountain would you like to climb someday?")
    responses[name] = response
    repeat = input("Would you like to let another person respond? (yes/ no)")
    if repeat = 'no'
        polling_active = False
print("\n--- Poll Results ---")
for name, response in responses.items():
    print(name + "would like to climb " + response + ".")
    
=>

What is your name? Eric
which mountain would you like to climb someday? Denali
Would you like to let another person respond? (yes/ no) yes

What is your name? Lynn
which mountain would you like to climb someday? Devil's Thumb
Would you like to let another person respond? (yes/ no) no

--- Poll Results ---
Lynn would like to climb Devil's Thumb.
Eric would like to climb Denali.