linux系统编程之文件与I/O（四）：文件的属性

一、读取文件元数据

int stat(const char *path, struct stat *buf);
int fstat(int fd, struct stat *buf);
int lstat(const char *path, struct stat *buf);

stat() stats the file pointed to by path and fills in buf.
lstat() is identical to stat(), except that if path is a symbolic link, then the link itself is stat-ed, not the file that it refers to.
fstat() is identical to stat(), except that the file to be stat-ed is specified by the file descriptor fd.

二、stat结构体

struct stat {
dev_t     st_dev;     /* ID of device containing file */
ino_t     st_ino;     /* inode number */
mode_t    st_mode;    /* protection */
nlink_t   st_nlink;   /* number of hard links */     硬链接是不可以跨越文件系统的
uid_t     st_uid;     /* user ID of owner */
gid_t     st_gid;     /* group ID of owner */
dev_t     st_rdev;    /* device ID (if special file) */
off_t     st_size;    /* total size, in bytes */
blksize_t st_blksize; /* blocksize for file system I/O */
blkcnt_t  st_blocks;  /* number of 512B blocks allocated */
time_t    st_atime;   /* time of last access */  read
time_t    st_mtime;   /* time of last modification */  write
time_t    st_ctime;   /* time of last status change */ chmod/chown
};

示例程序：

/*************************************************************************
    > File Name: file_stat.c
    > Author: Simba
    > Mail: dameng34@163.com
    > Created Time: Sat 23 Feb 2013 02:34:02 PM CST
 ************************************************************************/
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<sys/stat.h>
#include<unistd.h>
#include<fcntl.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<errno.h>
#include<string.h>

#define ERR_EXIT(m) \
    do { \
        perror(m); \
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE); \
    } while(0)

#define MAJOR(a) (int)((unsigned short)a >> 8)  // 高8位，主设备号
#define MINOR(a) (int)((unsigned short)a & 0xFF)

int filetype(struct stat *buf)
{
    int flag = 0;
    printf("Filetype:");
    mode_t mode;
    mode = buf->st_mode;
    switch (mode & S_IFMT)
    {

    case S_IFSOCK:
        printf("socket\n");
        break;
    case S_IFLNK:
        printf("symbolic link\n");
        break;
    case S_IFREG:
        printf("regular file\n");
        break;
    case S_IFBLK:
        printf("block device\n");
        flag = 1;
        break;
    case S_IFDIR:
        printf("directory\n");
        break;
    case S_IFCHR:
        printf("character device\n");
        flag = 1;
        break;
    case S_IFIFO:
        printf("FIFO\n");
        break;
    default:
        printf("unknown file type\n");
        break;
    }

    return flag;
}

void fileperm(struct stat *buf, char perm[])
{
    strcpy(perm, "----------");
    perm[0] = '?';
    mode_t mode;
    mode = buf->st_mode;
    switch (mode & S_IFMT)
    {

    case S_IFSOCK:
        perm[0] = 's';
        break;
    case S_IFLNK:
        perm[0] = 'l';
        break;
    case S_IFREG:
        perm[0] = '-';
        break;
    case S_IFBLK:
        perm[0] = 'b';
        break;
    case S_IFDIR:
        perm[0] = 'd';
        break;
    case S_IFCHR:
        perm[0] = 'c';
        break;
    case S_IFIFO:
        perm[0] = 'p';
        break;
    }

    if (mode & S_IRUSR)
        perm[1] = 'r';
    if (mode & S_IWUSR)
        perm[2] = 'w';
    if (mode & S_IXUSR)
        perm[3] = 'x';
    if (mode & S_IRGRP)
        perm[4] = 'r';
    if (mode & S_IWGRP)
        perm[5] = 'w';
    if (mode & S_IXGRP)
        perm[6] = 'x';
    if (mode & S_IROTH)
        perm[7] = 'r';
    if (mode & S_IWOTH)
        perm[8] = 'w';
    if (mode & S_IXOTH)
        perm[9] = 'x';
    perm[10] = '\0';
}


int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    if (argc != 2)
    {
        fprintf(stderr, "Usage %s file\n", argv[0]);
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    printf("Filename:%s\n", argv[1]);
    struct stat sbuf;
    if (lstat(argv[1], &sbuf) == -1)
        ERR_EXIT("stat error");

    printf("file in Dev number:major %d, minor %d\n",
           MAJOR(sbuf.st_dev), MINOR(sbuf.st_dev));
    printf("File inode:%d\n", (int) sbuf.st_ino);

    if (filetype(&sbuf))
    {
        printf("Device number:major %d, minor %d\n",
               MAJOR(sbuf.st_rdev), MINOR(sbuf.st_rdev));
    }

    char perm[11] = {0};
    fileperm(&sbuf, perm);
    printf("File permission bits=%o %s\n", sbuf.st_mode & 0777, perm);  // 0777 是八进制数

    return 0;
}

测试如下：
simba@ubuntu:~/Documents/code/linux_programming/APUE/File_IO$ ./file_stat Makefile
Filename:Makefile
file in Dev number:major 8, minor 1
File inode:660022
Filetype:regular file
File permission bits=664 -rw-rw-r–
因为是普通文件，故从st_dev字段看设备号，而不是st_rdev. 主设备号表示设备驱动程序，而次设备号表示特定的子设备。比如在同一个磁盘上面不同的文件系统，设备驱动程序相当，但是次设备号不同。
st_rdev只有字符特殊文件和块特殊文件才有这个值，表示实际设备的设备编号。
The st_dev value for every filename on a system is the device number of the file system containing that filename and its corresponding
i-node.
Only character special files and block special files have an st_rdev value. This value contains the device number for the actual device.

#include "apue.h"
#ifdef SOLARIS
#include <sys/mkdev.h>
#endif

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{

    int i;
    struct stat buf;

    for (i = 1; i < argc; i++)
    {
        printf("%s: ", argv[i]);
        if (stat(argv[i], &buf) < 0)
        {
            err_ret("stat error");
            continue;
        }

        printf("dev = %d/%d", major(buf.st_dev), minor(buf.st_dev));
        if (S_ISCHR(buf.st_mode) || S_ISBLK(buf.st_mode))
        {
            printf(" (%s) rdev = %d/%d",
                   (S_ISCHR(buf.st_mode)) ? "character" : "block",
                   major(buf.st_rdev), minor(buf.st_rdev));

        }
        printf("\n");
    }

    exit(0);

}

$./a.out / /home/sar /dev/tty[01] /: dev = 3/3 /home/sar: dev = 3/4 /dev/tty0: dev = 0/7 (character) rdev = 4/0 /dev/tty1: dev = 0/7 (character) rdev = 4/1$ mount which directories are mounted on which devices?
/dev/hda3 on / type ext2 (rw,noatime)
/dev/hda4 on /home type ext2 (rw,noatime)
$ ls -lL /dev/tty[01] /dev/hda[34]
brw——- 1 root 3, 3 Dec 31 1969 /dev/hda3
brw——- 1 root 3, 4 Dec 31 1969 /dev/hda4
crw——- 1 root 4, 0 Dec 31 1969 /dev/tty0
crw——- 1 root 4, 1 Jan 18 15:36 /dev/tty1

Note that the filenames and i-nodes for the two terminal devices (st_dev) are on device 0/7 the devfs pseudo file system, which implements the /dev but that their actual device numbers are 4/0 and 4/1.

参考：《APUE》
http://infohost.nmt.edu/~eweiss/222_book/222_book/0201433079/ch04lev1sec23.html

转载自http://blog.csdn.net/jnu_simba/article/details/8921110