linux IO操作1

#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <iostream>
using std::cout;
using std::endl;
using std::cerr;

#define MAJOR(a) (int)((unsigned short)a >> 8)
#define MINOR(a) (int)((unsigned short)a & 0xFF)

bool fileType(const struct stat& fileStat)
{
	cout << "file-type";
	
	switch(fileStat.st_mode & S_IFMT)  {
	case S_IFSOCK:
		cout << "socket";
		break;
	case S_IFLNK:
		cout << "symbolic link";
		break;
	case S_IFREG:
		cout << "regular file";
		break;
	case S_IFBLK:
		cout << "block device";
		break;
	case S_IFDIR:
		cout << "directory";
		break;
	case S_IFCHR:
		cout << "character device";
		return true;
	case S_IFIFO:
		cout << "FIFO";
		break;
	default:
		cout << "unknown?";
		break;
	}
	cout << "\n";
	return false;
}

void filePerm(const struct stat& fileStat, char* perm)
{
	strcpy(perm, "---------");
	switch(fileStat.st_mode & S_IFMT)  {
	case S_IFSOCK:
		perm[0] = 's';
		break;
	case S_IFLNK:
		perm[0] = 'l';
		break;
	case S_IFREG:
		perm[0] = '-';
		break;
	case S_IFBLK:
		perm[0] = 'b';
		break;
	case S_IFDIR:
		perm[0] = 'd';
		break;
	case S_IFCHR:
		perm[0] = 'c';
		break;
	case S_IFIFO:
		perm[0] = 'p';
		break;
	default:
		perm[0] = '?';
		break;
	}
	
	if (fileStat.st_mode & S_IRUSR)
		perm[1] = 'r';
	if (fileStat.st_mode & S_IWUSR)
		perm[2] = 'w';
	if (fileStat.st_mode & S_IXUSR)
		perm[3] = 'x';
	
	if (fileStat.st_mode & S_IRGRP)
		perm[4] = 'r';
	if (fileStat.st_mode & S_IWGRP)
		perm[5] = 'w';
	if (fileStat.st_mode & S_IXGRP)
		perm[6] = 'x';
	
	if (fileStat.st_mode & S_IROTH)
		perm[7] = 'r';
	if (fileStat.st_mode & S_IWOTH)
		perm[8] = 'w';
	if (fileStat.st_mode & S_IXOTH)
		perm[9] = 'x';
}

int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
	if (argc != 2)  {
		cerr << "Usage:" << argv[0] << "file-name>" << endl;
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	
	struct stat fileStat;
	if (lstat(argv[1], &fileStat) == -1)  {
		perror("stat error");
	}
	
	cout << "file-name:" << argv[1] << endl;
	cout << "st_ino = " << fileStat.st_ino <<endl;
	cout << "device major:" << major(fileStat.st_dev) << ", minor:" << minor(fileStat.st_dev) << endl;
	if (fileType(fileStat))  {
		cout << "--------------------" << endl;
		cout << "major:" << MAJOR(fileStat.st_dev) << ", minor:" << MINOR(fileStat.st_dev) << endl; 
	}
	
	fprintf(stdout, "file permisson : %o", fileStat.st_mode & 07777);
	char perm[11] = {0};
	filePerm(fileStat, perm);
	cout << ", msg:" << perm << endl;
	
	cout << "st_nlink = " << fileStat.st_nlink << endl;  
    cout << "st_uid = " << fileStat.st_uid << endl;  
    cout << "st_gid = " << fileStat.st_gid << endl;  
    cout << "st_size = " << fileStat.st_size << endl;  
    cout << "st_blksize = " << fileStat.st_blksize << endl;  
    cout << "st_blocks = " << fileStat.st_blocks << endl;  
    cout << "st_atime = " << fileStat.st_atime << endl;  
    cout << "st_ctime = " << fileStat.st_ctime << endl;  
    cout << "st_mtime = " << fileStat.st_mtime << endl;
}

其中S_IFBLK是块设备文件，S_IFCHR是字符设备文件，S_IFIFO是命名管道

块设备文件和字符设备文件的区别是：

Linux中I/O设备分为两类：字符设备和块设备。两种设备本身没有严格限制，但是，基于不同的功能进行了分类。
(1)字符设备：提供连续的数据流，应用程序可以顺序读取，通常不支持随机存取。相反，此类设备支持按字节/字符来读写数据。举例来说，键盘、串口、调制解调器都是典型的字符设备。
(2)块设备：应用程序可以随机访问设备数据，程序可自行确定读取数据的位置。硬盘、软盘、CD-ROM驱动器和闪存都是典型的块设备，应用程序可以寻址磁盘上的任何位置，并由此读取数据。此外，数据的读写只能以块(通常是512B)的倍数进行。与字符设备不同，块设备并不支持基于字符的寻址。
总结一下，这两种类型的设备的根本区别在于它们是否可以被随机访问。字符设备只能顺序读取，块设备可以随机读取。

命名管道的介绍：

Linux命名管道