debian11 安装后必备配置

debian11 安装后必备配置
运行环境：PVE v7.2-11 CT容器
系统版本：Debian-11-standard_11.3-1_amd64.tar.zst

启动信息

Debian GNU/Linux 11 debian tty1

debian login: root
Password: 
Linux debian 5.15.64-1-pve #1 SMP PVE 5.15.64-1 (Thu, 13 Oct 2022 10:30:34 +0200) x86_64

The programs included with the Debian GNU/Linux system are free software;
the exact distribution terms for each program are described in the
individual files in /usr/share/doc/*/copyright.

Debian GNU/Linux comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY, to the extent
permitted by applicable law.
Last login: Sat Nov 19 09:39:49 UTC 2022 on tty1
root@debian:~# 

版本信息

root@debian:~# 
root@debian:~# cat /etc/os-release
PRETTY_NAME="Debian GNU/Linux 11 (bullseye)"
NAME="Debian GNU/Linux"
VERSION_ID="11"
VERSION="11 (bullseye)"
VERSION_CODENAME=bullseye
ID=debian
HOME_URL="https://www.debian.org/"
SUPPORT_URL="https://www.debian.org/support"
BUG_REPORT_URL="https://bugs.debian.org/"
root@debian:~# 
root@debian:~# 
root@debian:~# cat /etc/debian_version
11.3
root@debian:~# 
root@debian:~# hostnamectl
   Static hostname: debian
         Icon name: computer-container
           Chassis: container
        Machine ID: 4241fde901b64f0d8731261862696790
           Boot ID: 8f9c38c2abc64384b1f12efd72c9f299
    Virtualization: lxc
  Operating System: Debian GNU/Linux 11 (bullseye)
            Kernel: Linux 5.15.64-1-pve
      Architecture: x86-64
root@debian:~# 
root@debian:~# uname -a
Linux debian 5.15.64-1-pve #1 SMP PVE 5.15.64-1 (Thu, 13 Oct 2022 10:30:34 +0200) x86_64 GNU/Linux
root@debian:~# 

配置1：系统默认使用nano编辑器，也提供精简版的vim.tiny版，安装vim。

root@debian:~# 
root@debian:~# vim
-bash: vim: command not found
root@debian:~# 
root@debian:~# whereis vim
vim: /usr/bin/vim.tiny /etc/vim /usr/share/vim /usr/share/man/man1/vim.1.gz
root@debian:~# 
root@debian:~# apt install vim

配置2：系统默认是不能以root账户SSH登录的，需要修改配置使能。

scilogyhunter@debian:~$ sudo vim /etc/ssh/ssh_config
#修改或增加 PermitRootLogin yes 配置
scilogyhunter@debian:~$ 
scilogyhunter@debian:~$ sudo systemctl restart ssh  #重启SSH服务生效
scilogyhunter@debian:~$ 
scilogyhunter@debian:~$ su root
Password: 
root@debian:/home/scilogyhunter# 
root@debian:/home/scilogyhunter# 

配置3：安装sudo命令，创建管理员用户，后面都以此用户进行系统管理而不是root用户。

root@debian:~# useradd -m -s /bin/bash -G sudo scilogyhunter
root@debian:~# passwd scilogyhunter

root@debian:~# logout

Debian GNU/Linux 11 debian tty1

debian login: scilogyhunter
Password: 
Linux debian 5.15.64-1-pve #1 SMP PVE 5.15.64-1 (Thu, 13 Oct 2022 10:30:34 +0200) x86_64

The programs included with the Debian GNU/Linux system are free software;
the exact distribution terms for each program are described in the
individual files in /usr/share/doc/*/copyright.

Debian GNU/Linux comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY, to the extent
permitted by applicable law.
scilogyhunter@debian:~$ 

配置4：使用VScode远程SSH登录，会自动安装vscode-server，以后无论是命令行还是文件编辑都可以直接在VScode中进行，比命令行下用vim/nano编辑高效的多。

配置5：为了提高软件下载速度，建议更新源为国内镜像，这里选用阿里的源。

先备份sources.list，然后拷贝到用户目录，用VScode进行编辑，最后再拷回去覆盖院配置。

scilogyhunter@debian:~$ sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.back
scilogyhunter@debian:~$ cp /etc/apt/sources.list /home/scilogyhunter/sources.list
scilogyhunter@debian:~$ sudo cp /home/scilogyhunter/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list

配置6：更新系统

scilogyhunter@debian:~$ sudo apt update  # 只检查是否有可用更新，给出汇总报告和提示信息

scilogyhunter@debian:~$ sudo apt upgrade  # 更新已安装的软件包

配置5：开启常用指令别名和颜色显示
这个在对应用户目录下的.bashrc文件中其实已近存在，但是是注释状态，只要去掉注释即可。

该配置文件只有在用户登入时才执行，所以修改后需要程序登录一下。

scilogyhunter@debian:~$ ll
bash: ll: command not found
scilogyhunter@debian:~$ su scilogyhunter
Password: 
scilogyhunter@debian:~$ 
scilogyhunter@debian:~$ ll
total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 scilogyhunter scilogyhunter 652 Nov 21 12:44 sources.list
-rw-r--r-- 1 scilogyhunter scilogyhunter   0 Nov 19 14:22 text