System.TypeInitializationException

类型初始值设定项引发异常
在单元测试中出现了这个异常，原因是：
由于在测试项目中没有添加配置文件（只有前台网站项目中添加了 web.config）

// 通过配置文件获取连接字符串
public   static   readonly   string  ConnectionStringLocalTransaction  =  ConfigurationManager.ConnectionStrings[ " MyPetShopConnection " ].ConnectionString;

public   static   int  ExecuteNonQuery(SqlConnection connection, CommandType cmdType,  string  cmdText,  params  SqlParameter[] commandParameters)
         {
            SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand();
            PrepareCommand(cmd, connection, null, cmdType, cmdText, commandParameters);
            int result = cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
            cmd.Parameters.Clear();
            return result;
        }

         /// <summary>
        /// 辅助函数
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="cmd">命令对象</param>
        /// <param name="conn">连接对象</param>
        /// <param name="trans">事务对象</param>
        /// <param name="cmdType">命令类型</param>
        /// <param name="cmdText">命令字符串</param>
        /// <param name="cmdParms">命令参数</param>
         private   static   void  PrepareCommand(SqlCommand cmd, SqlConnection conn, SqlTransaction trans, CommandType cmdType,  string  cmdText, SqlParameter[] cmdParms)
         {
            if(conn.State != ConnectionState.Open)
                conn.Open();

            cmd.Connection = conn;
            cmd.CommandText = cmdText;
            cmd.CommandType = cmdType;

            if (trans != null)
                cmd.Transaction = trans;

            if (cmdParms != null)
            {
                foreach (SqlParameter parm in cmdParms)
                    cmd.Parameters.Add(parm);
            }
        }

解决方法：添加App.config

<? xml version = " 1.0 "  encoding = " utf-8 "   ?>
< configuration >
   < connectionStrings >
     < add name = " MyPetShopConnection "  connectionString = " Data Source=.\SQLEXPRESS;AttachDbFilename=E:\Web\MyPetShop\App_Data\MyPetShop.mdf;Integrated Security=True;User Instance=True " />
   </ connectionStrings >
</ configuration >

教训：如果类中存在静态成员，应确保其初始化时不会抛出异常，否则会影响对该类的正常访问

转 http://www.cnblogs.com/simply-zhao/archive/2008/03/03/1088213.html