Python 如何生成uuid

UUID

Universally Unique Identifier (UUID)，即通用唯一识别码，是一种软件建构的标准。它的目的在于让分布式系统中的所有元素，都能有唯一的辨识信息，而不需要中央控制端做辨识信息的制定。每个人都可以创建与其他人不冲突（重复）的UUID，因此常用作对某一东西的唯一标识。

UUID常用作数据库的主键。

UUID常用作一次计算任务的唯一标识。

Python uuid

Python中内置了一个名为uuid包来处理UUID的生成，使用起来非常方便，它提供了生成36位uuid的方法（32位加上4个’-'号作为间隔符，如果不需要间隔符可以手动去掉）。

Python的uuid包一共提供了4中生成UUID的方法：

• uuid1()
• uuid3()
• uuid4()
• uuid5()

注：没有uuid2。

使用示例：

import uuid

print(uuid.uuid1())
print(uuid.uuid3(uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS, "test"))
print(uuid.uuid4()) # b983907d-ab25-4002-9dad-c37968936ba8
print(uuid.uuid5(uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS, "test"))

为了信息安全，uuid4之外的结果没有贴出来，读者可以本地自行试试。

注意：生成的uuid不是字符串类型，如果以字符串形式落库或者传递需要手动转换一下：

import uuid

print(type(uuid.uuid4()))
print(str(uuid.uuid4()))

四种生成uuid方法间的区别

官方文档见：https://docs.python.org/3/library/uuid.html?highlight=uuid#module-uuid

• uuid1根据当前时间的时间戳加上电脑的mac地址生成，最后12位字符对应mac地址。因为是mac地址，所以本身具备唯一性。但是用这种方法生成uuid并分享泄露了自己的mac地址，因此不推荐使用。
• uuid3根据传入的namespace和一个由调用者指定字符串调用MD5算法生成。
• uuid4则是根据随机数生成的，因为不需要参数所以使用起来很方便，但需要注意的是，因为是随机数，所以极其小的概率下也可能会重复。
• uuid5同样根据传入的namespace和一个由调用者指定字符串生成uuid，如uuid3不同的是，它使用SHA1算法。

源码列在下面👇🏻：

def uuid1(node=None, clock_seq=None):
    """Generate a UUID from a host ID, sequence number, and the current time.
    If 'node' is not given, getnode() is used to obtain the hardware
    address.  If 'clock_seq' is given, it is used as the sequence number;
    otherwise a random 14-bit sequence number is chosen."""

    # When the system provides a version-1 UUID generator, use it (but don't
    # use UuidCreate here because its UUIDs don't conform to RFC 4122).
    _load_system_functions()
    if _generate_time_safe is not None and node is clock_seq is None:
        uuid_time, safely_generated = _generate_time_safe()
        try:
            is_safe = SafeUUID(safely_generated)
        except ValueError:
            is_safe = SafeUUID.unknown
        return UUID(bytes=uuid_time, is_safe=is_safe)

    global _last_timestamp
    import time
    nanoseconds = int(time.time() * 1e9)
    # 0x01b21dd213814000 is the number of 100-ns intervals between the
    # UUID epoch 1582-10-15 00:00:00 and the Unix epoch 1970-01-01 00:00:00.
    timestamp = int(nanoseconds/100) + 0x01b21dd213814000
    if _last_timestamp is not None and timestamp <= _last_timestamp:
        timestamp = _last_timestamp + 1
    _last_timestamp = timestamp
    if clock_seq is None:
        import random
        clock_seq = random.getrandbits(14) # instead of stable storage
    time_low = timestamp & 0xffffffff
    time_mid = (timestamp >> 32) & 0xffff
    time_hi_version = (timestamp >> 48) & 0x0fff
    clock_seq_low = clock_seq & 0xff
    clock_seq_hi_variant = (clock_seq >> 8) & 0x3f
    if node is None:
        node = getnode()
    return UUID(fields=(time_low, time_mid, time_hi_version,
                        clock_seq_hi_variant, clock_seq_low, node), version=1)

def uuid3(namespace, name):
    """Generate a UUID from the MD5 hash of a namespace UUID and a name."""
    from hashlib import md5
    hash = md5(namespace.bytes + bytes(name, "utf-8")).digest()
    return UUID(bytes=hash[:16], version=3)

def uuid4():
    """Generate a random UUID."""
    return UUID(bytes=os.urandom(16), version=4)

def uuid5(namespace, name):
    """Generate a UUID from the SHA-1 hash of a namespace UUID and a name."""
    from hashlib import sha1
    hash = sha1(namespace.bytes + bytes(name, "utf-8")).digest()
    return UUID(bytes=hash[:16], version=5)

# The following standard UUIDs are for use with uuid3() or uuid5().

NAMESPACE_DNS = UUID('6ba7b810-9dad-11d1-80b4-00c04fd430c8')
NAMESPACE_URL = UUID('6ba7b811-9dad-11d1-80b4-00c04fd430c8')
NAMESPACE_OID = UUID('6ba7b812-9dad-11d1-80b4-00c04fd430c8')
NAMESPACE_X500 = UUID('6ba7b814-9dad-11d1-80b4-00c04fd430c8')

def uuid1(node=None, clock_seq=None):
    """Generate a UUID from a host ID, sequence number, and the current time.
    If 'node' is not given, getnode() is used to obtain the hardware
    address.  If 'clock_seq' is given, it is used as the sequence number;
    otherwise a random 14-bit sequence number is chosen."""

    # When the system provides a version-1 UUID generator, use it (but don't
    # use UuidCreate here because its UUIDs don't conform to RFC 4122).
    _load_system_functions()
    if _generate_time_safe is not None and node is clock_seq is None:
        uuid_time, safely_generated = _generate_time_safe()
        try:
            is_safe = SafeUUID(safely_generated)
        except ValueError:
            is_safe = SafeUUID.unknown
        return UUID(bytes=uuid_time, is_safe=is_safe)

    global _last_timestamp
    import time
    nanoseconds = int(time.time() * 1e9)
    # 0x01b21dd213814000 is the number of 100-ns intervals between the
    # UUID epoch 1582-10-15 00:00:00 and the Unix epoch 1970-01-01 00:00:00.
    timestamp = int(nanoseconds/100) + 0x01b21dd213814000
    if _last_timestamp is not None and timestamp <= _last_timestamp:
        timestamp = _last_timestamp + 1
    _last_timestamp = timestamp
    if clock_seq is None:
        import random
        clock_seq = random.getrandbits(14) # instead of stable storage
    time_low = timestamp & 0xffffffff
    time_mid = (timestamp >> 32) & 0xffff
    time_hi_version = (timestamp >> 48) & 0x0fff
    clock_seq_low = clock_seq & 0xff
    clock_seq_hi_variant = (clock_seq >> 8) & 0x3f
    if node is None:
        node = getnode()
    return UUID(fields=(time_low, time_mid, time_hi_version,
                        clock_seq_hi_variant, clock_seq_low, node), version=1)

def uuid3(namespace, name):
    """Generate a UUID from the MD5 hash of a namespace UUID and a name."""
    from hashlib import md5
    hash = md5(namespace.bytes + bytes(name, "utf-8")).digest()
    return UUID(bytes=hash[:16], version=3)

def uuid4():
    """Generate a random UUID."""
    return UUID(bytes=os.urandom(16), version=4)

def uuid5(namespace, name):
    """Generate a UUID from the SHA-1 hash of a namespace UUID and a name."""
    from hashlib import sha1
    hash = sha1(namespace.bytes + bytes(name, "utf-8")).digest()
    return UUID(bytes=hash[:16], version=5)

# The following standard UUIDs are for use with uuid3() or uuid5().

NAMESPACE_DNS = UUID('6ba7b810-9dad-11d1-80b4-00c04fd430c8')
NAMESPACE_URL = UUID('6ba7b811-9dad-11d1-80b4-00c04fd430c8')
NAMESPACE_OID = UUID('6ba7b812-9dad-11d1-80b4-00c04fd430c8')
NAMESPACE_X500 = UUID('6ba7b814-9dad-11d1-80b4-00c04fd430c8')