在unix/Linux系统中,时间的表示方法是以1970年1月1日00:00:00所经过的秒数,使用基本系统数据类型time_t表示,在/usr/include下查找time_t类型的定义.
可以通过time()函数来获得计算机系统当前的日历时间(Calendar Time),处理日期时间的函数都是以本函数的返回值为基础进行运算。其原型为:time_t time(time_t * t);
如果你已经声明了参数t,你可以从参数t返回现在的日历时间,同时也可以通过返回值返回现在的日历时间,即从一个时间点(例如:1970年1月1日0时0分0秒)到现在此时的秒数。如果参数为空(NULL),函数将只通过返回值返回现在的日历时间。
比如下面这个例子用来显示当前的日历时间:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<time.h>
int main()
{
time_t t; //time for seconds
int d; //time for days
int y; //time for years
t=time(NULL);
printf("The number of seconds since January 1,1970 is %d\n",t);
d=t/(3600*24);
printf("The number of days since January 1,1970 is %d\n",d);
y=d/365;
printf("The number of years since January 1,1970 is %d\n",y);
y=y+1970;
printf("This year is %d\n",y);
return 0;
}
可以得到运行结果:
1. sys/types.h
#define __need_timer_t
#define __need_clockid_t
#include <time.h>
2.time.h
typedef __time_t time_t;
# include <bits/types.h> /* This defines __time_t for us. */
3.bits/types.h
__STD_TYPE __TIME_T_TYPE __time_t; /* Seconds since the Epoch. */
# define __STD_TYPE __extension__ typedef
4.bits/typesizes.h
#define __TIME_T_TYPE __SLONGWORD_TYPE
5. bits/types.h
#define __SLONGWORD_TYPE long int
这里,基本就可以得出结论了:
__extension__ typedef long int time_t
则time_t类型的变量最大值为0x7fffffff
代码:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<time.h>
int main(void)
{
time_t cur_time=time(NULL), max_time=0x7fffffff,new_time=max_time+1;
printf("Cur time: cur_time=0x%08x/n", cur_time);
printf("/tLocal: %s", asctime(localtime(&cur_time)));
printf("/tGMT : %s/n", asctime(gmtime(&cur_time)));
printf("Max time: max_time=0x%08x/n", max_time);
printf("/tLocal: %s", asctime(localtime(&max_time)));
printf("/tGMT : %s/n", asctime(gmtime(&max_time)));
printf("New time: new_time=0x%08x/n", new_time);
printf("/tLocal: %s", asctime(localtime(&new_time)));
printf("/tGMT : %s/n", asctime(gmtime(&new_time)));
return 0;
}
可以的到运行结果:
从结果得出,32位的time_t最迟能表示到2038年1月19日 11:14:07(Asia/Shanghai时间) 或2038年1月19日 03:14:07(GMT时间),再过1秒,time_t数据将变为负数,变为1901年12月14日 04:51:44(本地时间),或1901年12月13日 20:45:52(GMT时间).
C语言中time_t数据类型详细介绍
包含文件:<time.h>
#ifndef __TIME_T
#define __TIME_T /* 避免重复定义 time_t */
typedef long time_t; /* 时间值time_t 为长整型的别名*/
#endif
既然time_t实际上是长整型(long int),用来保存从1970年1月1日0时0分0秒到现在时刻的秒数。到未来的某一天,从一个时间点(一般是1970年1月1日0时0分0秒)到那时的秒数(即日历时间)超出了长整形所能表示的数的范围怎么办?对time_t数据类型的值来说,它所表示的时间不能晚于2038年1月18日19时14分07秒。为了能够表示更久远的时间,一些编译器厂商引入了64位甚至更长的整形数来保存日历时间。比如微软在Visual C++中采用了__time64_t数据类型来保存日历时间,并通过_time64()函数来获得日历时间(而不是通过使用32位字的time()函数),这样就可以通过该数据类型保存3001年1月1日0时0分0秒(不包括该时间点)之前的时间。
在time.h头文件中,我们还可以看到一些函数,它们都是以time_t为参数类型或返回值类型的函数:
double difftime(time_t time1, time_t time0);
time_t mktime(struct tm * timeptr);
time_t time(time_t * timer);
char * asctime(const struct tm * timeptr);
char * ctime(const time_t *timer);
此外,time.h还提供了两种不同的函数将日历时间(一个用time_t表示的整数)转换为我们平时看到的把年月日时分秒分开显示的时间格式tm:
struct tm * gmtime(const time_t *timer);
struct tm * localtime(const time_t * timer);
通过查阅MSDN,我们可以知道Microsoft C/C++ 7.0中时间点的值(time_t对象的值)是从1899年12月31日0时0分0秒到该时间点所经过的秒数,而其它各种版本的Microsoft C/C++和所有不同版本的Visual C++都是计算的从1970年1月1日0时0分0秒到该时间点所经过的秒数。
C语言中的time函数<time.h>
/*
* time.h
* This file has no copyright assigned and is placed in the Public Domain.
* This file is a part of the mingw-runtime package.
* No warranty is given; refer to the file DISCLAIMER within the package.
*
* Date and time functions and types.
*
*/
#ifndef _TIME_H_
#define _TIME_H_
/* All the headers include this file. */
#include <_mingw.h>
#define __need_wchar_t
#define __need_size_t
#define __need_NULL
#ifndef RC_INVOKED
#include <stddef.h>
#endif /* Not RC_INVOKED */
/*
* Number of clock ticks per second. A clock tick is the unit by which
* processor time is measured and is returned by 'clock'.
*/
#define CLOCKS_PER_SEC ((clock_t)1000)
#define CLK_TCK CLOCKS_PER_SEC
#ifndef RC_INVOKED
/*
* A type for storing the current time and date. This is the number of
* seconds since midnight Jan 1, 1970.
* NOTE: This is also defined in non-ISO sys/types.h.
*/
#ifndef _TIME32_T_DEFINED
typedef __int32 __time32_t;
#define _TIME32_T_DEFINED
#endif
#ifndef __STRICT_ANSI__
/* A 64-bit time_t to get to Y3K */
#ifndef _TIME64_T_DEFINED
typedef __int64 __time64_t;
#define _TIME64_T_DEFINED
#endif
#endif
#ifndef _TIME_T_DEFINED
/* FIXME __STRICT_ANSI__ ! */
#if __MSVCRT_VERSION__ >= 0x0800
#ifndef _USE_32BIT_TIME_T
typedef __time64_t time_t;
#else
typedef __time32_t time_t;
#endif /* !_USE_32BIT_TIME_T */
#else
typedef __time32_t time_t;
#endif /* __MSVCRT_VERSION__ >= 0x0800 */
#define _TIME_T_DEFINED
#endif
/*
* A type for measuring processor time (in clock ticks).
*/
#ifndef _CLOCK_T_DEFINED
typedef long clock_t;
#define _CLOCK_T_DEFINED
#endif
#ifndef _TM_DEFINED
/*
* A structure for storing all kinds of useful information about the
* current (or another) time.
*/
struct tm
{
int tm_sec; /* Seconds: 0-59 (K&R says 0-61?) */
int tm_min; /* Minutes: 0-59 */
int tm_hour; /* Hours since midnight: 0-23 */
int tm_mday; /* Day of the month: 1-31 */
int tm_mon; /* Months *since* january: 0-11 */
int tm_year; /* Years since 1900 */
int tm_wday; /* Days since Sunday (0-6) */
int tm_yday; /* Days since Jan. 1: 0-365 */
int tm_isdst; /* +1 Daylight Savings Time, 0 No DST,
* -1 don't know */
};
#define _TM_DEFINED
#endif
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif
_CRTIMP clock_t __cdecl __MINGW_NOTHROW clock (void);
#if __MSVCRT_VERSION__ < 0x0800
_CRTIMP time_t __cdecl __MINGW_NOTHROW time (time_t*);
_CRTIMP double __cdecl __MINGW_NOTHROW difftime (time_t, time_t);
_CRTIMP time_t __cdecl __MINGW_NOTHROW mktime (struct tm*);
#endif
/*
* These functions write to and return pointers to static buffers that may
* be overwritten by other function calls. Yikes!
*
* NOTE: localtime, and perhaps the others of the four functions grouped
* below may return NULL if their argument is not 'acceptable'. Also note
* that calling asctime with a NULL pointer will produce an Invalid Page
* Fault and crap out your program. Guess how I know. Hint: stat called on
* a directory gives 'invalid' times in st_atime etc...
*/
_CRTIMP char* __cdecl __MINGW_NOTHROW asctime (const struct tm*);
#if __MSVCRT_VERSION__ < 0x0800
_CRTIMP char* __cdecl __MINGW_NOTHROW ctime (const time_t*);
_CRTIMP struct tm* __cdecl __MINGW_NOTHROW gmtime (const time_t*);
_CRTIMP struct tm* __cdecl __MINGW_NOTHROW localtime (const time_t*);
#endif
_CRTIMP size_t __cdecl __MINGW_NOTHROW strftime (char*, size_t, const char*, const struct tm*);
#ifndef __STRICT_ANSI__
extern _CRTIMP void __cdecl __MINGW_NOTHROW _tzset (void);
#ifndef _NO_OLDNAMES
extern _CRTIMP void __cdecl __MINGW_NOTHROW tzset (void);
#endif
_CRTIMP char* __cdecl __MINGW_NOTHROW _strdate(char*);
_CRTIMP char* __cdecl __MINGW_NOTHROW _strtime(char*);
/* These require newer versions of msvcrt.dll (6.10 or higher). */
#if __MSVCRT_VERSION__ >= 0x0601
_CRTIMP __time64_t __cdecl __MINGW_NOTHROW _time64( __time64_t*);
_CRTIMP __time64_t __cdecl __MINGW_NOTHROW _mktime64 (struct tm*);
_CRTIMP char* __cdecl __MINGW_NOTHROW _ctime64 (const __time64_t*);
_CRTIMP struct tm* __cdecl __MINGW_NOTHROW _gmtime64 (const __time64_t*);
_CRTIMP struct tm* __cdecl __MINGW_NOTHROW _localtime64 (const __time64_t*);
#endif /* __MSVCRT_VERSION__ >= 0x0601 */
/* These require newer versions of msvcrt.dll (8.00 or higher). */
#if __MSVCRT_VERSION__ >= 0x0800
_CRTIMP __time32_t __cdecl __MINGW_NOTHROW _time32 (__time32_t*);
_CRTIMP double __cdecl __MINGW_NOTHROW _difftime32 (__time32_t, __time32_t);
_CRTIMP double __cdecl __MINGW_NOTHROW _difftime64 (__time64_t, __time64_t);
_CRTIMP __time32_t __cdecl __MINGW_NOTHROW _mktime32 (struct tm*);
_CRTIMP __time32_t __cdecl __MINGW_NOTHROW _mkgmtime32 (struct tm*);
_CRTIMP __time64_t __cdecl __MINGW_NOTHROW _mkgmtime64 (struct tm*);
_CRTIMP char* __cdecl __MINGW_NOTHROW _ctime32 (const __time32_t*);
_CRTIMP struct tm* __cdecl __MINGW_NOTHROW _gmtime32 (const __time32_t*);
_CRTIMP struct tm* __cdecl __MINGW_NOTHROW _localtime32 (const __time32_t*);
#ifndef _USE_32BIT_TIME_T
_CRTALIAS time_t __cdecl __MINGW_NOTHROW time (time_t* _v) { return(_time64 (_v)); }
_CRTALIAS double __cdecl __MINGW_NOTHROW difftime (time_t _v1, time_t _v2) { return(_difftime64 (_v1,_v2)); }
_CRTALIAS time_t __cdecl __MINGW_NOTHROW mktime (struct tm* _v) { return(_mktime64 (_v)); }
_CRTALIAS time_t __cdecl __MINGW_NOTHROW _mkgmtime (struct tm* _v) { return(_mkgmtime64 (_v)); }
_CRTALIAS char* __cdecl __MINGW_NOTHROW ctime (const time_t* _v) { return(_ctime64 (_v)); }
_CRTALIAS struct tm* __cdecl __MINGW_NOTHROW gmtime (const time_t* _v) { return(_gmtime64 (_v)); }
_CRTALIAS struct tm* __cdecl __MINGW_NOTHROW localtime (const time_t* _v) { return(_localtime64 (_v)); }
#else
_CRTALIAS time_t __cdecl __MINGW_NOTHROW time (time_t* _v) { return(_time32 (_v)); }
_CRTALIAS double __cdecl __MINGW_NOTHROW difftime (time_t _v1, time_t _v2) { return(_difftime32 (_v1,_v2)); }
_CRTALIAS time_t __cdecl __MINGW_NOTHROW mktime (struct tm* _v) { return(_mktime32 (_v)); }
_CRTALIAS time_t __cdecl __MINGW_NOTHROW _mkgmtime (struct tm* _v) { return(_mkgmtime32 (_v)); }
_CRTALIAS char* __cdecl __MINGW_NOTHROW ctime (const time_t* _v) { return(_ctime32 (_v)); }
_CRTALIAS struct tm* __cdecl __MINGW_NOTHROW gmtime (const time_t* _v) { return(_gmtime32 (_v)); }
_CRTALIAS struct tm* __cdecl __MINGW_NOTHROW localtime (const time_t* _v) { return(_localtime32 (_v)); }
#endif /* !_USE_32BIT_TIME_T */
#endif /* __MSVCRT_VERSION__ >= 0x0800 */
/*
* _daylight: non zero if daylight savings time is used.
* _timezone: difference in seconds between GMT and local time.
* _tzname: standard/daylight savings time zone names (an array with two
* elements).
*/
#ifdef __MSVCRT__
/* These are for compatibility with pre-VC 5.0 suppied MSVCRT. */
extern _CRTIMP int* __cdecl __MINGW_NOTHROW __p__daylight (void);
extern _CRTIMP long* __cdecl __MINGW_NOTHROW __p__timezone (void);
extern _CRTIMP char** __cdecl __MINGW_NOTHROW __p__tzname (void);
__MINGW_IMPORT int _daylight;
__MINGW_IMPORT long _timezone;
__MINGW_IMPORT char *_tzname[2];
#else /* not __MSVCRT (ie. crtdll) */
#ifndef __DECLSPEC_SUPPORTED
extern int* _imp___daylight_dll;
extern long* _imp___timezone_dll;
extern char** _imp___tzname;
#define _daylight (*_imp___daylight_dll)
#define _timezone (*_imp___timezone_dll)
#define _tzname (*_imp___tzname)
#else /* __DECLSPEC_SUPPORTED */
__MINGW_IMPORT int _daylight_dll;
__MINGW_IMPORT long _timezone_dll;
__MINGW_IMPORT char* _tzname[2];
#define _daylight _daylight_dll
#define _timezone _timezone_dll
#endif /* __DECLSPEC_SUPPORTED */
#endif /* not __MSVCRT__ */
#endif /* Not __STRICT_ANSI__ */
#ifndef _NO_OLDNAMES
#ifdef __MSVCRT__
/* These go in the oldnames import library for MSVCRT. */
__MINGW_IMPORT int daylight;
__MINGW_IMPORT long timezone;
__MINGW_IMPORT char *tzname[2];
#else /* not __MSVCRT__ */
/* CRTDLL is royally messed up when it comes to these macros.
TODO: import and alias these via oldnames import library instead
of macros. */
#define daylight _daylight
/* NOTE: timezone not defined as macro because it would conflict with
struct timezone in sys/time.h.
Also, tzname used to a be macro, but now it's in moldname. */
__MINGW_IMPORT char *tzname[2];
#endif /* not __MSVCRT__ */
#endif /* Not _NO_OLDNAMES */
#ifndef _WTIME_DEFINED
/* wide function prototypes, also declared in wchar.h */
#ifndef __STRICT_ANSI__
#ifdef __MSVCRT__
_CRTIMP wchar_t* __cdecl __MINGW_NOTHROW _wasctime(const struct tm*);
#if __MSVCRT_VERSION__ < 0x0800
_CRTIMP wchar_t* __cdecl __MINGW_NOTHROW _wctime(const time_t*);
#endif
_CRTIMP wchar_t* __cdecl __MINGW_NOTHROW _wstrdate(wchar_t*);
_CRTIMP wchar_t* __cdecl __MINGW_NOTHROW _wstrtime(wchar_t*);
#if __MSVCRT_VERSION__ >= 0x0601
_CRTIMP wchar_t* __cdecl __MINGW_NOTHROW _wctime64 (const __time64_t*);
#endif
#if __MSVCRT_VERSION__ >= 0x0800
_CRTIMP wchar_t* __cdecl __MINGW_NOTHROW _wctime32 (const __time32_t*);
#ifndef _USE_32BIT_TIME_T
_CRTALIAS wchar_t* __cdecl __MINGW_NOTHROW _wctime (const time_t* _v) { return(_wctime64 (_v)); }
#else
_CRTALIAS wchar_t* __cdecl __MINGW_NOTHROW _wctime (const time_t* _v) { return(_wctime32 (_v)); }
#endif
#endif /* __MSVCRT_VERSION__ >= 0x0800 */
#endif /* __MSVCRT__ */
#endif /* __STRICT_ANSI__ */
_CRTIMP size_t __cdecl __MINGW_NOTHROW wcsftime (wchar_t*, size_t, const wchar_t*, const struct tm*);
#define _WTIME_DEFINED
#endif /* _WTIME_DEFINED */
#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif
#endif /* Not RC_INVOKED */
#endif /* Not _TIME_H_ */
① 使用gmtime函数或localtime函数将time_t类型的时间日期转换为struct tm类型:
使用time函数返回的是一个long值,该值对用户的意义不大,一般不能根据其值确定具体的年、月、日等数据。gmtime函数可以方便的对time_t类型数据进行转换,将其转换为tm结构的数据方便数据阅读。
gmtime函数的原型如下:
struct tm *gmtime(time_t *timep);
localtime函数的原型如下:
struct tm *localtime(time_t *timep);
将参数timep所指的time_t类型信息转换成实际所使用的时间日期表示方法,将结果返回到结构tm结构类型的变量。
gmtime函数用来存放实际日期时间的结构变量是静态分配的,每次调用gmtime函数都将重写该结构变量。如果希望保存结构变量中的内容,必须将其复制到tm结构的另一个变量中。
gmtime函数与localtime函数的区别:
gmtime函数返回的时间日期未经时区转换,是UTC时间(又称为世界时间,即格林尼治时间)。
localtime函数返回当前时区的时间,
转换日期时间表示形式time_t类型转换为struct tm类型示例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <time.h>
#include<string.h>
int main()
{
const char *wday[]={"Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri","Sat"};/*指针字符数组*/
time_t t;
struct tm *p;
t=time(NULL);/*获取从1970年1月1日零时到现在的秒数,保存到变量t中*/
p=gmtime(&t); /*变量t的值转换为实际日期时间的表示格式*/
printf("%d年%02d月%02d日",(1900+p->tm_year), (1+p->tm_mon),p->tm_mday);
printf(" %s ", wday[p->tm_wday]);
printf("%02d:%02d:%02d\n", p->tm_hour, p->tm_min, p->tm_sec);
return 0;
}
// time(&rawtime); // 获取时间,以秒计,从1970年1月一日起算,存于rawtime
// timeinfo=localtime(&rawtime); //转为当地时间,tm 时间结构
// printf("The current data/time is &s ",asctime(timeinfo)); //asctime() // 转为标准ASCII时间格式:
注意:p=gmtime(&t);此行若改为p=localtime(&t);则返回当前时区的时间
输出结果:
② 使用mktime函数将struct tm类型的时间日期转换为time_t类型:
表头文件
#include <time.h>
定义函数
time_t mktime(strcut tm * timeptr);
函数说明
mktime()用来将参数timeptr所指的tm结构数据转换成从公元1970年1月1日0时0分0 秒算起至今的UTC时间所经过的秒数。
返回值
返回经过的秒数。
日期转换为秒数示例:
表头文件
#include <time.h>
定义函数
time_t mktime(strcut tm * timeptr);
函数说明
mktime()用来将参数timeptr所指的tm结构数据转换成从公元1970年1月1日0时0分0 秒算起至今的UTC时间所经过的秒数。
返回值
返回经过的秒数。
日期转换为秒数示例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <cstdlib>
int main()
{
time_t t;
struct tm stm;
printf("请输入日期时间值(按yyyy/mm/dd hh:mm:ss格式):");
scanf("%d/%d/%d %d:%d:%d",&stm.tm_year,&stm.tm_mon,&stm.tm_mday,
&stm.tm_hour,&stm.tm_min,&stm.tm_sec);
stm.tm_year-=1900; /*年份值减去1900,得到tm结构中保存的年份序数*/
stm.tm_mon-=1; /*月份值减去1,得到tm结构中保存的月份序数*/
t=mktime(&stm); /* 若用户输入的日期时间有误,则函数返回值为-1*/
if(-1==t)
{
printf("输入的日期时间格式出错!\n");
exit(1);
}
printf("1970/01/01 00:00:00~%d/%02d/%02d %02d:%02d:%02d共%d秒\n",
stm.tm_year+1900,stm.tm_mon,stm.tm_mday,
stm.tm_hour,stm.tm_min,stm.tm_sec,t);
return 0;
}
输出结果:
其中出现的一些小问题:
char *wday[]={"Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri","Sat"};/*指针字符数组*/
error:deprecated conversation from strig constant to 'char'
当我们将一个character pointer variable 初始化成一个string literal的时候, 就会出现此类错误。
解决方法:const char *wday[]={"Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri","Sat"};/*指针字符数组*/
方案2:使用string:string x = "hello";
方案3:将string literal转型为char* 的type: char* x = (char*)"hello";
if(-1==t)
{
printf("输入的日期时间格式出错!\n");
exit(1);
}
error: ‘exit’ was not declared in this scope 的解决方法
解决方法:添加#include <cstdlib>
c语言中time函数的用法