Java面向对象基础三大特征之多态

最新推荐文章于 2024-01-01 20:24:34 发布

.miandian7774

最新推荐文章于 2024-01-01 20:24:34 发布

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文章标签： java jvm c++

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/Ss7774/article/details/126340705

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文章目录

1.多态

1.1多态的概述

什么是多态

同一个对象，在不同时刻表现出来的不同形态
多态的前提
- 要有继承或实现关系
- 要有方法的重写
- 要有父类引用指向子类对象

1.2多态中的成员访问特点

成员访问特点
- 成员变量
  编译看父类，运行看父类
- 成员方法
  编译看父类，运行看子类

代码示例

动物类

public class Animal {
    public int age = 40;

    public void eat() {
        System.out.println("动物吃东西");
    }
}

猫类

public class Cat extends Animal {
    public int age = 20;
    public int weight = 10;

    @Override
    public void eat() {
        System.out.println("猫吃鱼");
    }

    public void playGame() {
        System.out.println("猫捉迷藏");
    }
}

测试类

public class AnimalDemo {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        //有父类引用指向子类对象
        Animal a = new Cat();

        System.out.println(a.age);
//        System.out.println(a.weight);

        a.eat();
//        a.playGame();
    }
}

1.3多态的好处和弊端

好处

提高程序的扩展性。定义方法时候，使用父类型作为参数，在使用的时候，使用具体的子类型参与操作
弊端

不能使用子类的特有成员

1.4多态中的转型

向上转型

父类引用指向子类对象就是向上转型
向下转型

格式：子类型对象名 = (子类型)父类引用;

代码演示

动物类

public class Animal {
    public void eat() {
        System.out.println("动物吃东西");
    }
}

猫类

public class Cat extends Animal {
    @Override
    public void eat() {
        System.out.println("猫吃鱼");
    }

    public void playGame() {
        System.out.println("猫捉迷藏");
    }
}

测试类

public class AnimalDemo {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        //多态
        //向上转型
        Animal a = new Cat();
        a.eat();
//      a.playGame();


        //向下转型
        Cat c = (Cat)a;
        c.eat();
        c.playGame();
    }
}

1.5多态的案例

案例需求

请采用多态的思想实现猫和狗的案例，并在测试类中进行测试

代码实现

动物类

public class Animal {
    private String name;
    private int age;

    public Animal() {
    }

    public Animal(String name, int age) {
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }

    public void setAge(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }

    public void eat() {
        System.out.println("动物吃东西");
    }
}

猫类

public class Cat extends Animal {

    public Cat() {
    }

    public Cat(String name, int age) {
        super(name, age);
    }

    @Override
    public void eat() {
        System.out.println("猫吃鱼");
    }
}

狗类

public class Dog extends Animal {

    public Dog() {
    }

    public Dog(String name, int age) {
        super(name, age);
    }

    @Override
    public void eat() {
        System.out.println("狗吃骨头");
    }
}

测试类

public class AnimalDemo {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        //创建猫类对象进行测试
        Animal a = new Cat();
        a.setName("加菲");
        a.setAge(5);
        System.out.println(a.getName() + "," + a.getAge());
        a.eat();

        a = new Cat("加菲", 5);
        System.out.println(a.getName() + "," + a.getAge());
        a.eat();
    }
}

练习题

练习1；

class Person {
 protected String name="person";
 protected int age=50;
 public String getInfo() {
 return "Name: "+ name + "\n" +"age: "+ age;
 }
 }
 class Student extends Person {
 protected String school="pku";
 public String getInfo() {
 return "Name: "+ name + "\nage: "+ age
 + "\nschool: "+ school;
 }
 }
 class Graduate extends Student{
 public String major="IT";
 public String getInfo()
 {
 return "Name: "+ name + "\nage: "+ age
 + "\nschool: "+ school+"\nmajor:"+major;
 }
 }
/*
建立InstanceTest 类，在类中定义方法
method(Student stu);
在method中:
(1)根据e的类型调用相应类的getInfo()方法。
(2)根据e的类型执行：
如果e为Person类的对象，输出：
“a person”;
如果e为Student类的对象，输出：
“a student”
“a person ”
如果e为Graduate类的对象，输出：
“a graduated student”
“a student”
“a person” 
*/

详细代码

Person类

public class Person {
    protected String name="person";
    protected int age=50;
    public String getInfo() {
        return "Name: "+ name + "\n" +"age: "+ age;
    }
}

Student类

class Student extends Person {
    protected String school="pku";
    public String getInfo() {
        return "Name: "+ name + "\nage: "+ age
                + "\nschool: "+ school;
    }
}

Graduate类

class Graduate extends Student{
    public String major="IT";
    public String getInfo()
    {
        return "Name: "+ name + "\nage: "+ age
                + "\nschool: "+ school+"\nmajor:"+major;
    }
}

InstanceTest类（测试类）

public class InstanceTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        InstanceTest test = new InstanceTest();
        Student s = new Student();
        test.method(s);
    }

    public void method(Student s) {
        System.out.println(s.getInfo());

        if (s instanceof Graduate) {
            System.out.println("a graduated student");
        }

        if (s instanceof Student) {
            System.out.println("a student");
        }

        if (s instanceof Person) {
            System.out.println("a person");
        }
    }
}

练习2：
定义三个类，父类GeometricObject代表几何形状，子类Circle代表圆形，MyRectangle代表矩形。

GeometricObject：
private String color;
private int weight;
提供有参/无参构造方法，setter/getter,提供findArea()方法：计算面积用的

Circle：
private double radius;
提供有参(含父类)/无参构造方法，setter/getter,重写findArea()方法：计算圆面积

MyRectangle：
private double width;
private double height;
提供有参(含父类)/无参构造方法，setter/getter,重写findArea方法：计算矩形面积

/*
定义一个测试类GeometricTest，编写equalsArea方法测试两个对象的面积是否相等，编写displayGeometricObject方法显示对象的面积。（注意：通用性！）*/

详细代码

GeometricObject类

public class GeometricObject {
    private String color;
    private int weight;
    //findArea()方法：计算面积
    public GeometricObject(){}
    public GeometricObject(String color,int weight){
        this.color=color;
        this.weight=weight;
    }
    public void setColor(String color) {
        this.color = color;
    }
    public String getColor() {
        return color;
    }
    public void setWeight(int weight) {
        this.weight = weight;
    }
    public int getWeight() {
        return weight;
    }
    public double findArea(){
        return findArea();
    }
}

circle类

public class Circle extends GeometricObject {
    private double radius;

    public Circle(){
    }
    public Circle(String color,int weight, double radius){
        super(color,weight);
        this.radius=radius;
    }
    public void setRadius(double radius) {
        this.radius = radius;
    }
    public double getRadius() {
        return radius;
    }
    @Override
    public double findArea() {
        return Math.PI*radius*radius;
    }
}

MyRectangle类

public class MyRectangle extends GeometricObject{
    private double width;
    private double height;
    //提供有参(含父类)/无参构造方法，setter/getter,重写findArea()方法
    public MyRectangle(){}
    public MyRectangle(String color,int weight,double width,double height){
        super(color, weight);
        this.height=height;
        this.width=width;
    }
    public void setHeight(double height) {
        this.height = height;
    }
    public double getHeight() {
        return height;
    }
    public void setWidth(double width) {
        this.width = width;
    }
    public double getWidth() {
        return width;
    }
    @Override
    public double findArea() {
        return width*height;
    }
}

GeometricTest类（测试类）

public class GeometricTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        GeometricTest test = new GeometricTest();
        GeometricTest test1=new GeometricTest();
        Circle circle = new Circle();
        MyRectangle myRectangle = new MyRectangle();
        //给半径赋值
        circle.setRadius(4.0);
        circle.findArea();
        //长宽赋值
        myRectangle.setWidth(2);
        myRectangle.setHeight(3.0);
        myRectangle.findArea();

        test.equalsArea(circle.findArea(),myRectangle.findArea());

        test.displayGeometricObject(circle.findArea(),myRectangle.findArea());
    }
    //equalsArea方法判断面积是否相等
    public  void equalsArea(double area1,double area2){
        if (area1==area2){
            System.out.println("面积相等");
        }else {
            System.out.println("面积不相等");
        }
    }
    //displayGeometricObject方法显示对象面积
    public void displayGeometricObject(double area1,double area2){
        System.out.println("圆面积为："+area1);
        System.out.println("矩形面积为："+area2);
    }
}