迪米特法则原则

  迪米特法则又称为最少知道原则，一个对象类对于其他类来说，知道的越少越好。两个类之间不要有过多的耦合，保持最少的关联，有内在联系的类要高内聚，没有直接关系的类应该低耦合。

未优化案例

例子里有老师、学生、校长三者，老师负责了解每一个学生的成绩而校长值关系班级总成绩和平均分，即班级的总体情况。

public class Student {

    private String name;    // 学生姓名
    private int rank;       // 考试排名(总排名)
    private double grade;   // 考试分数(总分)

    public Student() {
    }

    public Student(String name, int rank, double grade) {
        this.name = name;
        this.rank = rank;
        this.grade = grade;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public int getRank() {
        return rank;
    }

    public void setRank(int rank) {
        this.rank = rank;
    }

    public double getGrade() {
        return grade;
    }

    public void setGrade(double grade) {
        this.grade = grade;
    }
}

public class Teacher {

    private String name;                // 老师名称
    private String clazz;               // 班级
    private static List<Student> studentList;  // 学生

    public Teacher() {
    }

    public Teacher(String name, String clazz) {
        this.name = name;
        this.clazz = clazz;
    }

    static {
        studentList = new ArrayList<>();
        studentList.add(new Student("花花", 10, 589));
        studentList.add(new Student("豆豆", 54, 356));
        studentList.add(new Student("秋雅", 23, 439));
        studentList.add(new Student("皮皮", 2, 665));
        studentList.add(new Student("蛋蛋", 19, 502));
    }

    public static List<Student> getStudentList() {
        return studentList;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public String getClazz() {
        return clazz;
    }
}

public class Principal {

    private Teacher teacher = new Teacher("丽华", "3年1班");

    // 查询班级信息，总分数、学生人数、平均值
    public Map<String, Object> queryClazzInfo(String clazzId) {
        // 获取班级信息；学生总人数、总分、平均分
        int stuCount = clazzStudentCount();
        double totalScore = clazzTotalScore();
        double averageScore = clazzAverageScore();

        // 组装对象，实际业务开发会有对应的类
        Map<String, Object> mapObj = new HashMap<>();
        mapObj.put("班级", teacher.getClazz());
        mapObj.put("老师", teacher.getName());
        mapObj.put("学生人数", stuCount);
        mapObj.put("班级总分数", totalScore);
        mapObj.put("班级平均分", averageScore);
        return mapObj;
    }

    // 总分
    public double clazzTotalScore() {
        double totalScore = 0;
        for (Student stu : teacher.getStudentList()) {
            totalScore += stu.getGrade();
        }
        return totalScore;
    }

    // 平均分
    public double clazzAverageScore(){
        double totalScore = 0;
        for (Student stu : teacher.getStudentList()) {
            totalScore += stu.getGrade();
        }
        return totalScore / teacher.getStudentList().size();
    }

    // 班级人数
    public int clazzStudentCount(){
        return teacher.getStudentList().size();
    }

}

  从这个例子来看，老师只向校长提供了基本的信息，校长具体对数据进行统计分析。这样带来的缺点是校长需要对每个班级都进行统计分析，且如果有其他类型的角色需要拿到班级相关数据的话，又需要再次实现相关的代码功能，代码会变得臃肿，也不利于维护和扩展。

优化后的代码

public class Student {

    private String name;    // 学生姓名
    private int rank;       // 考试排名(总排名)
    private double grade;   // 考试分数(总分)

    public Student() {
    }

    public Student(String name, int rank, double grade) {
        this.name = name;
        this.rank = rank;
        this.grade = grade;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public int getRank() {
        return rank;
    }

    public void setRank(int rank) {
        this.rank = rank;
    }

    public double getGrade() {
        return grade;
    }

    public void setGrade(double grade) {
        this.grade = grade;
    }
}

public class Teacher {

    private String name;                // 老师名称
    private String clazz;               // 班级
    private static List<Student> studentList;  // 学生

    public Teacher() {
    }

    public Teacher(String name, String clazz) {
        this.name = name;
        this.clazz = clazz;
    }

    static {
        studentList = new ArrayList<>();
        studentList.add(new Student("花花", 10, 589));
        studentList.add(new Student("豆豆", 54, 356));
        studentList.add(new Student("秋雅", 23, 439));
        studentList.add(new Student("皮皮", 2, 665));
        studentList.add(new Student("蛋蛋", 19, 502));
    }

    // 总分
    public double clazzTotalScore() {
        double totalScore = 0;
        for (Student stu : studentList) {
            totalScore += stu.getGrade();
        }
        return totalScore;
    }

    // 平均分
    public double clazzAverageScore(){
        double totalScore = 0;
        for (Student stu : studentList) {
            totalScore += stu.getGrade();
        }
        return totalScore / studentList.size();
    }

    // 班级人数
    public int clazzStudentCount(){
        return studentList.size();
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public String getClazz() {
        return clazz;
    }
}

public class Principal {

    private Teacher teacher = new Teacher("丽华", "3年1班");

    // 查询班级信息，总分数、学生人数、平均值
    public Map<String, Object> queryClazzInfo(String clazzId) {
        // 获取班级信息；学生总人数、总分、平均分
        int stuCount = teacher.clazzStudentCount();
        double totalScore = teacher.clazzTotalScore();
        double averageScore = teacher.clazzAverageScore();

        // 组装对象，实际业务开发会有对应的类
        Map<String, Object> mapObj = new HashMap<>();
        mapObj.put("班级", teacher.getClazz());
        mapObj.put("老师", teacher.getName());
        mapObj.put("学生人数", stuCount);
        mapObj.put("班级总分数", totalScore);
        mapObj.put("班级平均分", averageScore);
        return mapObj;
    }

}

  优化后，不论是谁都只需要调用老师类的相关方法就能获取到班级的情况，代码量减少了，只要保证老师类提供的数据正确，不用去每个类维护同样的代码。

---

参考资料：《重学Java设计模式》