操作系统介绍

Operating System (so)

Summary of OS   

　　Initially, computers were used from the front console. Software such as assemblers，loaders, and compilers improved on the convenience of programming the system, but also required substantial set-uptime.   

　　Multiprogramming, which was developed to improve performance, also allows time-sharing. Time-shared operating) systems allow many users (from one to several hundred) to use a computer sys-tem interactively at the same time. Other operating systems types include real-time systems and multi-processor systems．   

　　A real-time system is often used as control de-vice in a dedicated application. Sensors bring data to the computer. The computer must analyze the data and possibly adjust controls to modify the sensor inputs. Systems, which control scientific experiments, medical computer systems, industrial control systems, and some display systems are real-time systems. A real-time operating system has well-defined fixed time constraints．,Processing must be done within the defined constraints, or the system will fail.   

　　Operating systems have developed over the past thirty years for two main purposes．First, they provide a convenient environment for the development and execution of programs．Second, operating systems attempt to schedule computational activities to ensure good performance of the computing system.2 ．

 

翻译：

操作系统概述

总述
   
　　最初，计算机只能通过控制台使用。象汇编程序、装入程序及编译程序这样的软件使系统软件编程更方便，但同时也需要大量的启动时间。
  
　　为提高系统性能而得到发展的多道程序设计技术同样也允许分时。分时系统允许多个用户（从一到几百个）同时交互使用一个计算机系统。其它操作统类型包括实时系统和名机处理系统。
   
　　实时系统常用作专用系统中的控制设备。传感器将数据传到计一算机系统计算机应分析数据并尽可能调整控制以修改该传感器的输入。控制科学实验的系统，医学计算机系统，工业控制系统以及一些显示系统都是实时系统。实时系统有定义好的、固定的时间限制，处理过程应在规定的时间内完成，否
则系统失效。
   
　　操作系统朝着两个主要目标己发展了三十多年。第一，为程序的开发和执行提供了一个方便的环境。第二，操作系统试图通过对计算任务的调度以确保计一算系统的良好性能。

 

 

Characteristics of OS   

　　Operating system techniques are migrating down from mainframes to minicomputer and microcomputer systems．
  
　　What exactly does an operating system do? Basically, it performs a number of support functions．For example, picture an application program stored on disk. Before the program can be executed, it must first be copied into main memory, because the pro-gram that controls a computer must be in main memory. The process of copying a program from disk to memory involves considerable logic．The source of computer’s logic is software. Thus, if the application program is to be loaded, there must be a program in memory to control the loading process．That programs the operating system.
   
　　An operating system serves as an interface(Figure 2-1)。Bridging the gap between hardware and application software. Thus，as we move from hard-ware to software, it is appropriate that we consider the operating system first.   

　　The operating system must ensure correct operation of the computer system. To prevent user pro-grams from interfering with the proper operation of the system, the hardware was modified to create two modes：User mode and monitor mode. Various instructions (such as 1/0 instructions and halt instructions) are privileged and can only be executed in monitor mode. The user must also protect the memory in which the monitor resides from modification. A timer prevents infinite loops．

 

翻译：

操作系统的特点
   
　　操作系统技术己从大型机进入小型机和微型机中。

　　那么，操作系统究竟是干什么的呢？基本上说，它完成众多的支持功能。例如，想象一下存储在磁盘上的某个应用程序。在该程序能被执行之前，它首先必须被复制到主存储器中，这是因为控制计算机的程序必须位于主存储器中的缘故。把一个程序从磁盘复制到内存的过程，包含了相当多的逻辑。计算机的逻辑源是软件。这样，如果需要装入应用程序，那么，在内存中就必须有一个程序，以便控制上述装入过程。这种程序就是操作系统。

　　操作系统用作一种接口（图2-1）而将硬件和应用软件之间的鸿沟连接起来，因此，当我们从硬件转移到软件时，首先考虑一下操作系经是适宜的。
 
　　操作系统必须确保计算机系统的正确操作。为避免用户程序影响系统的正常操作，对硬件进行修改以建立两种方式：用户方式和监控方式。各种指令（如1/O指令，HALT指令）被赋予特权，只能在监控万式中执行。监控程序存放在内存，同样也应避免用户对其修改。另外采用一个时钟避免无限循环。

 

Function of US   

　　Generally, when a new computer system is in-stalled, operational software suitable to that hardware’s purchased. Users want available operational soft-ware that can effectively support their processing activities。   

　　Though operational software varies between manufacturers，it has similar characteristics．Modern hardware, because of its sophistication, requires that operating systems meet certain specific standards．For example, considering the present state of the field, an operating system must support some form of online processing. Functions normally associated with operational software are：

1. Job Management
   
　　A very important responsibility of any operational software is the scheduling of jobs to be handled by a computer system. This is one of the main tasks of the job management function. The operating system sets up the order in which programs are processed, and defines the sequence in which particular jobs are executed. The operational software must be able to assess these factors and control the order in which jobs are processed.

2 ．Resource Management   

　　The management of resources in a computer system is another major concern of the operating system．Obviously, a program cannot use a device if that hardware is unavailable. As we have seen, the operational software oversees the execution of all programs．It also monitors the devices being used.

3. Control of I/0 Operations   

　　Allocation of a system's resources is closely tied to the operational software's control of 1/O opera-dons．As access is often necessary to a particular device before I/0 operations may begin. The operating system must coordinate 1/0 operations and the de-vices on which they are performed. In effect, it sets up directory of programs undergoing execution and the devices they must use in completing I/O operations．

翻译：

操作系统的功能
   
　　一般，安装一台新计算机的同时购买了与该硬件相应的操作系统。用户需要有效地支持其处理任务的可靠操作软件。

　　尽管各厂家的操作软件各不相同，但都具有类似的性能。现代硬件系统，由于其复杂性，需要有操作系统来满足某些特定的标准。例如，考虑到该领域的现状，操作系统应支持某种形式的联机处理。通常，与操作软件相关的功能有：

1．作业管理

    操作软件的一个非常重要的职责是调度计算机系统将处理的作业，这是作业管理功能的主要任务之一。操作系统建立了程序处理的顺序，并定义了具体作业执行的次序。操作软件应能评估这些因素并控制处理的顺序。

2．资源管理

    计算机系统中的资源管理是操作系统的另一个主要方面。显然，如果设备不能用，程序就不能使用，该硬件。正如我们所看到的，操作软件监督着所有程序的执行。它还监视正使用的设备。

3．I/0操作控制

    系统资源的分配与操作软件控碟c6密切相关。由于I/O操作开始之前需要对指定设备进行访问，因此操作系统必须协调I/O操作和使用设备间的关系。实际上操作系统建立了一个执行程序和完成I/O操作必须使用的设备目录。

 

 

A Glimpse of OS Products

1．UNIX   

　　A popular operating system is Cp/M，the control program for microcomputers developed for early 8-bitmachines by digital research incorporated. UNIX, developed by American Telephone and Telegraph(AT&T), shows promise of becoming a new standard, particularly for applications involving communication between two or more computers．Mainframes have more complex operating systems which, in addition to serving as a hardware/software interface, manage the computer's resources．

2 ．Windows
  
　　Windows is a graphical environment that introduces new, more streamlined ways for you to work with your personal computer. Windows not only gives you more control over the Nave you work. It unleashes your computer so it operates at its full power. unhampered by previous memory restrictions．
   
　　In Windows, your computer screen is referred teas a desktop. The desktop displays all your work in rectangular areas called windows．You work with your applications and documents in these windows．
   
　　With Windows, you can run several powerful applications at once and switch quickly among them. For example, you could switch from a database application to a spreadsheet, and then to your word processor with a few simple moves and without waiting while you quit one application and restart another. 
 
　　Windows comes with a collection of useful accessory programs to help you manage the various parts of your daily work. These accessories include a clock, an appointment calendar, a calculator, a note-pad, a card file, and a macro recorder.   

　　And to get you started working with applications, Windows includes three full featured applications：Write，Paint-brush，and Terminal．Use these applications to prepare and edit documents, create colorful illustrations, and connect to other computers and information services with your modem.   

　　For those idle moments, or just to put some playing your day, Windows provides two games：Solitaire and Reverse You can also use the games to practice some of the basic skills you need to operate Windows efficiently.

3.DOS   

　　Perhaps the best known microcomputer OS is＼ISDOS, developed by Microsoft Corporation for the丁BM-PC and compatible machines．It has become industry standard.   

　　Why is an OS standard so important? At the：Hard ware level, computers made by different manufacturers are often incompatible; in other words, a, -program written for one won't work on another. Re-.number, however, that the OS sits between the hard are and the application program. With a commons in the middle, it is possible for the same program to run on two quite different machines (Figure 2-2)．Of course the portions of the OS that communicate with the hardware might be very different, but software would see a smooth common interface. 
  
　　COMMAND.COM is the command processor. The functions of the input/output control system are divided between two routines, MSDOS．SYS and IO．SYS．MSDOS．SYS is hardware-independent.10.SYS, on. The other hand, communicates directly with the hardware, so it contains device-dependent code. Versions of the OS written for different com-puters should differ only in their IO．SYS logic. In addition to the primary modules, the OS contains an umber of utility programs．

翻译：

操作系统产品一瞥

I ．UNIX

    一种流行的操作系统是CP/M，这是由数字研究公司为早期的8位机所开发的“微机控制程序”。由美国电话电报公司(AT&T)所开发的UNIX，展示了一种有可能变成新标准的希望，该操作系统特别适合于两台以至多台计算机之间的通讯方面的应用，大型机具有更为复杂的操作系统，这种操作系统除了用作硬件／软件的接口之外，还可以管理计算机的资源。

2 ．Windows

    Windows是一种图形环境，它为个人电脑的操作提供了新的、更简洁的方式。它不仅使你能以更多的方式工作，而且使计算机从先前受内存限制的情况中解脱出来，得以充分发挥其效能。
   
　　在Windows环境下，计算机屏幕看起来象一个桌面。在桌面上显示所有的群组于矩形区域里，这些区域叫做窗口。你的应用程序及文档就存在于这些窗口中。
  
　　通过Windows，蹄可以同时运行几个有用的应用程序，并且＿可以在各应用程序中实现快速切换。比如，你可以从数据库应用程序切换到电子表格，然后切换到字处理软件。当你从一个应用程序切换到另一个应用程序，整个过程只需一些简单的移动且不需等待。
  
　　Windows带有一个非常实用的群组叫做附件，它可以帮助你管理多种日常工作。附件包括时钟、日历、计算器、记事薄、卡片文件和宏记录。
   
　　为了能运行应用程序，Windows包括三个“全特征”的应用程序，即书写器、画笔和终端。通过这些应用程序，你可以准备和编辑文档，编写彩色图例，还可通过调制解调器与其它计算机连接并传递信息。

　　空闲时，你还可以通过Windows提供的两个游戏娱乐一下。这两个游戏是接龙和挖地雷。你也可以利用玩游戏学会一些有效使用视窗的基本技巧。

3 ．DOS

　　也许，最著名的微型计算机的操作系统是MSDOS，它是由（美国）微软公司为IBM-PC及兼容机开发的，它己经变成一种工业标准。
  
　　为什么操作系统的标准是如此重要呢？在硬件级上，田不同厂家制造的计算机通常是不兼容的：换句话说，为某台计算机编写的程序，不能在另一台上支持，但是要记住，操作系统是位于硬件和应用程序之间，如果在中间有一个公共的操作系统的话，就有可能使同一个程序在两台完全不同的机器上运行（图2-2）。当然，与硬件进行通讯的操作系统的那部分，可能是完全不同的，但是，软件将（把其）看成是一个平滑的、公共的接口。

　　MSDOS COMMAND.COM是命令处理程序，输入／输出控制系统功能被划分为两个例行程序：MSDOS.SYS及I0. SYSMSDOS.SYS一是与硬件无关的，另一方面，IO.SYS直接与硬件进行通讯，所以，它包含着依赖于设备傲代码。为不同计算机编写的操作系统的版本，仅应在其I0. SYS逻辑方面有所区别。除了主要模块之外，操作系统还包含许多实用程序。