Akka（33）： Http：Marshalling，to Json

最新推荐文章于 2020-06-22 17:53:06 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2020-06-22 17:53:06 发布

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本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/TIGER_XC/article/details/78373349

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Akka-http是一项系统集成工具。这主要依赖系统之间的数据交换功能。因为程序内数据表达形式与网上传输的数据格式是不相同的，所以需要对程序高级结构化的数据进行转换（marshalling or serializing）成为可在网上传输的数据格式。由于可能涉及到异类系统集成，网上传输数据格式是一个公开的标准，这样大家才都可以进行解析。Json就是是一个目前业界普遍接受的网上交换数据格式。当然，所谓的数据格式转换应该是双向的，还需要包括把接收的网上传输数据转换成程序高级结构化数据。

Akka-http网上交换数据转换代表把一个高级结构类型T的实例转换成简单的目标类型如MessageEntity，它代表http消息中的数据部分（entity-body）。Akka-http用Marshaller[A,B]类型来进行类型A的实例到类型B实例的转换。Marshaller[A,B]定义如下：

sealed abstract class Marshaller[-A, +B] {

  def apply(value: A)(implicit ec: ExecutionContext): Future[List[Marshalling[B]]]

  def map[C](f: B ⇒ C): Marshaller[A, C] =
    Marshaller(implicit ec ⇒ value ⇒ this(value).fast map (_ map (_ map f)))
...
}

//#marshaller-creation
object Marshaller
  extends GenericMarshallers
  with PredefinedToEntityMarshallers
  with PredefinedToResponseMarshallers
  with PredefinedToRequestMarshallers {

  /**
   * Creates a [[Marshaller]] from the given function.
   */
  def apply[A, B](f: ExecutionContext ⇒ A ⇒ Future[List[Marshalling[B]]]): Marshaller[A, B] =
    new Marshaller[A, B] {
      def apply(value: A)(implicit ec: ExecutionContext) =
        try f(ec)(value)
        catch { case NonFatal(e) ⇒ FastFuture.failed(e) }
    }
...
}

构建函数apply[A,B]包嵌了个操作函数：A=>Future[List[Marshalling[B]]]，至于为什么不采用更简单直接的方式A=>B是因为：

1、转换的过程是异步non-blocking的，所以返回Future[??]

2、可能有多种转换目标数据格式如XML,Json：所以用List[??]表达

3、如果需要在产生最终目标格式数据前能获取或者修改数据的属性，就需要在数据源与目标数据之间设一个中间层结果，Marshalling[B]就是这样一个中间抽象层类型。通过Marshalling类型可以在数据实际产生之前获取或修改数据属性：

/**
 * Describes one possible option for marshalling a given value.
 */
sealed trait Marshalling[+A] {
  def map[B](f: A ⇒ B): Marshalling[B]

  /**
   * Converts this marshalling to an opaque marshalling, i.e. a marshalling result that
   * does not take part in content type negotiation. The given charset is used if this
   * instance is a `WithOpenCharset` marshalling.
   */
  def toOpaque(charset: HttpCharset): Marshalling[A]
}

object Marshalling {

  /**
   * A Marshalling to a specific [[akka.http.scaladsl.model.ContentType]].
   */
  final case class WithFixedContentType[A](
    contentType: ContentType,
    marshal:     () ⇒ A) extends Marshalling[A] {
    def map[B](f: A ⇒ B): WithFixedContentType[B] = copy(marshal = () ⇒ f(marshal()))
    def toOpaque(charset: HttpCharset): Marshalling[A] = Opaque(marshal)
  }

  /**
   * A Marshalling to a specific [[akka.http.scaladsl.model.MediaType]] with a flexible charset.
   */
  final case class WithOpenCharset[A](
    mediaType: MediaType.WithOpenCharset,
    marshal:   HttpCharset ⇒ A) extends Marshalling[A] {
    def map[B](f: A ⇒ B): WithOpenCharset[B] = copy(marshal = cs ⇒ f(marshal(cs)))
    def toOpaque(charset: HttpCharset): Marshalling[A] = Opaque(() ⇒ marshal(charset))
  }

  /**
   * A Marshalling to an unknown MediaType and charset.
   * Circumvents content negotiation.
   */
  final case class Opaque[A](marshal: () ⇒ A) extends Marshalling[A] {
    def map[B](f: A ⇒ B): Opaque[B] = copy(marshal = () ⇒ f(marshal()))
    def toOpaque(charset: HttpCharset): Marshalling[A] = this
  }
}

我们可以在Marshalling类型里对消息内容类型（message-content-type）进行操作。为了方便操作，Akka-http提供了下面这几个类型别名：

type ToEntityMarshaller[T] = Marshaller[T, MessageEntity]
type ToByteStringMarshaller[T] = Marshaller[T, ByteString]
type ToHeadersAndEntityMarshaller[T] = Marshaller[T, (immutable.Seq[HttpHeader], MessageEntity)]
type ToResponseMarshaller[T] = Marshaller[T, HttpResponse]
type ToRequestMarshaller[T] = Marshaller[T, HttpRequest]

基本上是以目标数据类型来分类代表的。Akka-http提供了许多类型的预设实例到Mashalling转换：

PredefinedToEntityMarshallers
Array[Byte]
ByteString
Array[Char]
String
akka.http.scaladsl.model.FormData
akka.http.scaladsl.model.MessageEntity
T <: akka.http.scaladsl.model.Multipart
PredefinedToResponseMarshallers
T, if a ToEntityMarshaller[T] is available
HttpResponse
StatusCode
(StatusCode, T), if a ToEntityMarshaller[T] is available
(Int, T), if a ToEntityMarshaller[T] is available
(StatusCode, immutable.Seq[HttpHeader], T), if a ToEntityMarshaller[T] is available
(Int, immutable.Seq[HttpHeader], T), if a ToEntityMarshaller[T] is available
PredefinedToRequestMarshallers
HttpRequest
Uri
(HttpMethod, Uri, T), if a ToEntityMarshaller[T] is available
(HttpMethod, Uri, immutable.Seq[HttpHeader], T), if a ToEntityMarshaller[T] is available
GenericMarshallers
Marshaller[Throwable, T]
Marshaller[Option[A], B], if a Marshaller[A, B] and an EmptyValue[B] is available
Marshaller[Either[A1, A2], B], if a Marshaller[A1, B] and a Marshaller[A2, B] is available
Marshaller[Future[A], B], if a Marshaller[A, B] is available
Marshaller[Try[A], B], if a Marshaller[A, B] is available

Akka-http还提供了一个工具类Marshal：

class Marshal[A](val value: A) {
  /**
   * Marshals `value` using the first available [[Marshalling]] for `A` and `B` provided by the given [[Marshaller]].
   * If the marshalling is flexible with regard to the used charset `UTF-8` is chosen.
   */
  def to[B](implicit m: Marshaller[A, B], ec: ExecutionContext): Future[B] =
    m(value).fast.map {
      _.head match {
        case Marshalling.WithFixedContentType(_, marshal) ⇒ marshal()
        case Marshalling.WithOpenCharset(_, marshal)      ⇒ marshal(HttpCharsets.`UTF-8`)
        case Marshalling.Opaque(marshal)                  ⇒ marshal()
      }
    }

  /**
   * Marshals `value` to an `HttpResponse` for the given `HttpRequest` with full content-negotiation.
   */
  def toResponseFor(request: HttpRequest)(implicit m: ToResponseMarshaller[A], ec: ExecutionContext): Future[HttpResponse] = {
    import akka.http.scaladsl.marshalling.Marshal._
    val ctn = ContentNegotiator(request.headers)

    m(value).fast.map { marshallings ⇒
      val supportedAlternatives: List[ContentNegotiator.Alternative] =
        marshallings.collect {
          case Marshalling.WithFixedContentType(ct, _) ⇒ ContentNegotiator.Alternative(ct)
          case Marshalling.WithOpenCharset(mt, _)      ⇒ ContentNegotiator.Alternative(mt)
        }(collection.breakOut)
      val bestMarshal = {
        if (supportedAlternatives.nonEmpty) {
          ctn.pickContentType(supportedAlternatives).flatMap {
            case best @ (_: ContentType.Binary | _: ContentType.WithFixedCharset | _: ContentType.WithMissingCharset) ⇒
              marshallings collectFirst { case Marshalling.WithFixedContentType(`best`, marshal) ⇒ marshal }
            case best @ ContentType.WithCharset(bestMT, bestCS) ⇒
              marshallings collectFirst {
                case Marshalling.WithFixedContentType(`best`, marshal) ⇒ marshal
                case Marshalling.WithOpenCharset(`bestMT`, marshal)    ⇒ () ⇒ marshal(bestCS)
              }
          }
        } else None
      } orElse {
        marshallings collectFirst { case Marshalling.Opaque(marshal) ⇒ marshal }
      } getOrElse {
        throw UnacceptableResponseContentTypeException(supportedAlternatives.toSet)
      }
      bestMarshal()
    }
  }
}

我们可以用Marshal.to和toResponseFor(request)把Akka-http提供的预设可转换类实例转换成相关的toResponseMarshallable类实例。因为Server-Directive如complete接受一个toResponseMarshallable来构建HttpResponse：

  /**
   * Completes the request using the given arguments.
   *
   * @group route
   */
  def complete(m: ⇒ ToResponseMarshallable): StandardRoute =
    StandardRoute(_.complete(m))

在另一个对象里提供了ToResponseMarshallable隐式转换：

/** Something that can later be marshalled into a response */
trait ToResponseMarshallable {
  type T
  def value: T
  implicit def marshaller: ToResponseMarshaller[T]

  def apply(request: HttpRequest)(implicit ec: ExecutionContext): Future[HttpResponse] =
    Marshal(value).toResponseFor(request)
}

object ToResponseMarshallable {
  implicit def apply[A](_value: A)(implicit _marshaller: ToResponseMarshaller[A]): ToResponseMarshallable =
    new ToResponseMarshallable {
      type T = A
      def value: T = _value
      def marshaller: ToResponseMarshaller[T] = _marshaller
    }

  implicit val marshaller: ToResponseMarshaller[ToResponseMarshallable] =
    Marshaller { implicit ec ⇒ marshallable ⇒ marshallable.marshaller(marshallable.value) }
}

只要在可视域内（implicit scope）能发现Marshaller[A,B]的隐式实例就能满足complete入参要求了。下面是一些Marshal用例：

import akka.util.ByteString
import akka.http.scaladsl.model.{HttpResponse, MessageEntity}
import akka.http.scaladsl.marshalling.Marshal
import akka.http.scaladsl.model._

object Marshalling  {

  val string = "Yeah"
  val entityFuture = Marshal(string).to[MessageEntity]
  val errorMsg = "Easy, pal!"
  val responseFuture = Marshal(420 -> errorMsg).to[HttpResponse]
  val request = HttpRequest(headers = List(headers.Accept(MediaTypes.`application/json`)))
  val responseText = "Plaintext"
  val respFuture = Marshal(responseText).toResponseFor(request) // with content negotiation!
  val bsFuture = Marshal("oh my!").to[ByteString]
  val reqFuture = Marshal("can you?").to[HttpRequest]
  val resp = reqFuture.flatMap {r => Marshal("ok").toResponseFor(r)}
  
}

那么对于那些自定义的类型U，由于不可能有预设定对应的Marshaller[U,B]，应该怎么办？如简单的case class：

  case class User(id: Int, name: String)
  case class Item(id: Int, name: String, price: Double)
  val john = Marshal(User(1,"John")).to[MessageEntity]
  val fruit = Marshal(Item(1,"banana", 3.5)).to[MessageEntity]

  val route =
    get {
      path("items") {
        complete(fruit)
      } ~
      path("users") {
        complete(john)
      }
    }

看来把User,Item类型实例转成ToResponseMarshallable是没有问题的。但是，通过隐式转换ToResponseMarshallable被转换成Marshaller[U,B]，而实例化这个类型的过程即构建网上传输格式的Response消息。这个可网上传输的消息是通过Json、XML这样的数据描述语言来构建的。Akka-http通过akka-http-spray-json模块直接支持由Spray-Json实现的Json读写工具库。具体Json读写是通过RootJsonFormat[T]作为接口实现的：

/**
 * A special JsonFormat signaling that the format produces a legal JSON root object, i.e. either a JSON array
 * or a JSON object.
 */
trait RootJsonFormat[T] extends JsonFormat[T] with RootJsonReader[T] with RootJsonWriter[T]

RootJsonFormat[T]代表T类型实例的Json转换。RootJsonFormat[T]的继承父辈包括：

/**
  * Provides the JSON deserialization and serialization for type T.
 */
trait JsonFormat[T] extends JsonReader[T] with JsonWriter[T]

/**
 * A special JsonReader capable of reading a legal JSON root object, i.e. either a JSON array or a JSON object.
 */
@implicitNotFound(msg = "Cannot find RootJsonReader or RootJsonFormat type class for ${T}")
trait RootJsonReader[T] extends JsonReader[T]

/**
 * A special JsonWriter capable of writing a legal JSON root object, i.e. either a JSON array or a JSON object.
 */
@implicitNotFound(msg = "Cannot find RootJsonWriter or RootJsonFormat type class for ${T}")
trait RootJsonWriter[T] extends JsonWriter[T]

它们又继承了具体的Json读写工具类：

/**
  * Provides the JSON deserialization for type T.
 */
@implicitNotFound(msg = "Cannot find JsonReader or JsonFormat type class for ${T}")
trait JsonReader[T] {
  def read(json: JsValue): T
}

object JsonReader {
  implicit def func2Reader[T](f: JsValue => T): JsonReader[T] = new JsonReader[T] {
    def read(json: JsValue) = f(json)
  }
}

/**
  * Provides the JSON serialization for type T.
 */
@implicitNotFound(msg = "Cannot find JsonWriter or JsonFormat type class for ${T}")
trait JsonWriter[T] {
  def write(obj: T): JsValue
}

object JsonWriter {
  implicit def func2Writer[T](f: T => JsValue): JsonWriter[T] = new JsonWriter[T] {
    def write(obj: T) = f(obj)
  }
}

它们提供了函数JsValue=>T到JsonReader[T]及T=>JsValue到JsonWriter直接的隐式转换。Akka-http的Json解决方案是典型的type-class模式：是一种可以即兴创建功能的类型继承模式（add-hoc polymorphism）。它的特征就是在可视域内（implicit scope）应不同功能要求提供不同的功能实现类型的隐式实例（implicit instance）。具体用例如下：

trait Formats extends SprayJsonSupport with DefaultJsonProtocol
object Converters extends Formats {
  case class User(id: Int, name: String)
  case class Item(id: Int, name: String, price: Double)
  implicit val itemFormat = jsonFormat3(Item.apply)
  implicit val userFormat = jsonFormat2(User.apply)
}

jsonFormatXX是Spray-Json提供的Json读写实现。我们把这个隐式实例置于当前可视域内即完成了与Akka-http的对接。我们来看看JsonFormat的定义：

trait ProductFormatsInstances { self: ProductFormats with StandardFormats =>
  // Case classes with 1 parameters

  def jsonFormat1[P1 :JF, T <: Product :ClassManifest](construct: (P1) => T): RootJsonFormat[T] = {
    val Array(p1) = extractFieldNames(classManifest[T])
    jsonFormat(construct, p1)
  }
  def jsonFormat[P1 :JF, T <: Product](construct: (P1) => T, fieldName1: String): RootJsonFormat[T] = new RootJsonFormat[T]{
    def write(p: T) = {
      val fields = new collection.mutable.ListBuffer[(String, JsValue)]
      fields.sizeHint(1 * 2)
      fields ++= productElement2Field[P1](fieldName1, p, 0)
      JsObject(fields: _*)
    }
    def read(value: JsValue) = {
      val p1V = fromField[P1](value, fieldName1)
      construct(p1V)
    }
  }
...
}

我们看到了jsonFormat返回结果类型是RootJsonFormat[T]。如果有个case class T，通过jsonFormat可以获得read(value: JsValue)及write(p:T)这两个具体的Json读写函数。Spray-Json提供的预设了Json转换的类型包括下面各类别：

/**
  * Provides all the predefined JsonFormats.
 */
trait DefaultJsonProtocol
        extends BasicFormats
        with StandardFormats
        with CollectionFormats
        with ProductFormats
        with AdditionalFormats

object DefaultJsonProtocol extends DefaultJsonProtocol

例如BasicFormat：

/**
  * Provides the JsonFormats for the most important Scala types.
 */
trait BasicFormats {

  implicit object IntJsonFormat extends JsonFormat[Int] {
    def write(x: Int) = JsNumber(x)
    def read(value: JsValue) = value match {
      case JsNumber(x) => x.intValue
      case x => deserializationError("Expected Int as JsNumber, but got " + x)
    }
  }
...
}

这些类型的Json转换已经是具体的read/write操作了。

在SprayJsonSupport trait里有最终的Marshaller[U,B]链接：

/**
 * A trait providing automatic to and from JSON marshalling/unmarshalling using an in-scope *spray-json* protocol.
 */
trait SprayJsonSupport {
...
  implicit def sprayJsonUnmarshaller[T](implicit reader: RootJsonReader[T]): FromEntityUnmarshaller[T] =
    sprayJsValueUnmarshaller.map(jsonReader[T].read)
...
  //#sprayJsonMarshallerConverter
  implicit def sprayJsonMarshaller[T](implicit writer: RootJsonWriter[T], printer: JsonPrinter = CompactPrinter): ToEntityMarshaller[T] =
    sprayJsValueMarshaller compose writer.write
...
}

我们在上面提到过FromEntityUnmarshaller[T]和ToEntityMarshaller[T]的是Marshaller[A,B]的别名：

  type FromEntityUnmarshaller[T] = Unmarshaller[HttpEntity, T]

  type ToEntityMarshaller[T] = Marshaller[T, MessageEntity]

既然Akka-http的Json实现方式是type-class模式的，那么我们就试试其它Json库的功能实现方式，如：Json4s。我们需要在build.sbt中加入下面的依赖：

  "de.heikoseeberger" %% "akka-http-json4s" % "1.19.0-M2",
  "org.json4s" %% "json4s-jackson" % "3.6.0-M1",
  "org.json4s" %% "json4s-ext" % "3.6.0-M1",

akka-http-Json4s通过trait Json4sSupport提供了Json4s实现方式：

trait Json4sSupport {
...
  /**
    * HTTP entity => `A`
    *
    * @tparam A type to decode
    * @return unmarshaller for `A`
    */
  implicit def unmarshaller[A: Manifest](implicit serialization: Serialization,
                                         formats: Formats): FromEntityUnmarshaller[A] = ...

  /**
    * `A` => HTTP entity
    *
    * @tparam A type to encode, must be upper bounded by `AnyRef`
    * @return marshaller for any `A` value
    */
  implicit def marshaller[A <: AnyRef](implicit serialization: Serialization,
                                       formats: Formats,
                                       shouldWritePretty: ShouldWritePretty =
                                         ShouldWritePretty.False): ToEntityMarshaller[A] = ...

同样提供了FromEntityUnMarshaller[A]和ToEntityMarshaller[A]这两类的隐式实例。Serialization提供了Json的具体读写函数：

trait Serialization {
  import java.io.{Reader, Writer}
  /** Serialize to String.
   */
  def write[A <: AnyRef](a: A)(implicit formats: Formats): String
...
  /** Deserialize from a String.
   */
  def read[A](json: String)(implicit formats: Formats, mf: Manifest[A]): A = read(StringInput(json))
...
}

Formats就是Json4s提供的所有Json转换预设类：

trait Formats extends Serializable { self: Formats =>
...
  def withBigInt: Formats = copy(wWantsBigInt = true)

  def withLong: Formats = copy(wWantsBigInt = false)

  def withBigDecimal: Formats = copy(wWantsBigDecimal = true)

...
}

看起来我们只需在可视域内提供Serialization和Formats类型的隐式实例就行了：

import de.heikoseeberger.akkahttpjson4s.Json4sSupport
import org.json4s.jackson
trait JsonCodec extends Json4sSupport {
  import org.json4s.DefaultFormats
  import org.json4s.ext.JodaTimeSerializers
  implicit val serilizer = jackson.Serialization
  implicit val formats = DefaultFormats ++ JodaTimeSerializers.all
}
object JsConverters extends JsonCodec

看看具体用例：

  import scala.collection.mutable._
  case class User(id: Int, name: String)
  class Item(id: Int, name: String, price: Double)
  object AnyPic {
    val area = 10
    val title = "a picture"
    val data = ArrayBuffer[Byte](1,2,3)
  }
  
  val john = Marshal(User(1,"John")).to[MessageEntity]
  val fruit = Marshal(new Item(1,"banana", 3.5)).to[MessageEntity]
  val pic = Marshal(AnyPic).to[MessageEntity]

不但省却了重复的JsonFormatXX，而且功能更加灵活强大：因为不再局限于case class这一种自定义类型了，在无需额外代码情况下class,object等全部都支持。

下面是本篇讨论示范的源代码：

build.sbt

name := "learn-http"

version := "0.1"

scalaVersion := "2.12.3"

libraryDependencies ++= Seq(
  "de.heikoseeberger" %% "akka-http-json4s" % "1.19.0-M2",
  "org.json4s" %% "json4s-jackson" % "3.6.0-M1",
  "org.json4s" %% "json4s-ext" % "3.6.0-M1",
  "com.typesafe.akka" %% "akka-http" % "10.0.10",
  "com.typesafe.akka" %% "akka-actor" % "2.5.4",
  "com.typesafe.akka" %% "akka-stream" % "2.5.4",
  "com.typesafe.akka" %% "akka-http-spray-json" % "10.0.10"
)

Marshalling

import akka.actor._
import akka.stream._
import akka.util.ByteString
import akka.http.scaladsl.marshalling.Marshal
import akka.http.scaladsl.model._
import akka.http.scaladsl.server.Directives._
import akka.http.scaladsl.marshallers.sprayjson._
import spray.json._

trait Formats extends SprayJsonSupport with DefaultJsonProtocol
object Converters extends Formats {
  case class User(id: Int, name: String)
  case class Item(id: Int, name: String, price: Double)
  implicit val itemFormat = jsonFormat3(Item.apply)
  implicit val userFormat = jsonFormat2(User.apply)
}


object Marshalling {
  import Converters._
  implicit val httpSys = ActorSystem("httpSystem")
  implicit val httpMat = ActorMaterializer()
  implicit val httpEC = httpSys.dispatcher



  val string = "Yeah"
  val entityFuture = Marshal(string).to[MessageEntity]
  val errorMsg = "Easy, pal!"
  val responseFuture = Marshal(420 -> errorMsg).to[HttpResponse]
  val request = HttpRequest(headers = List(headers.Accept(MediaTypes.`application/json`)))
  val responseText = "Plaintext"
  val respFuture = Marshal(responseText).toResponseFor(request)

//  val bsFuture = Marshal("oh my!").to[ByteString]
  //  val reqFuture = Marshal(400).to[HttpRequest]
  //  val resp = reqFuture.flatMap {r => Marshal("ok").toResponseFor(r)}


  val john = Marshal(User(1,"John")).to[MessageEntity]
  val fruit = Marshal(Item(1,"banana", 3.5)).to[MessageEntity]

  val route =
    get {
      path("items") {
        complete(fruit)
      } ~
        path("users") {
          complete(john)
        }
    }

}

Json4sMarshalling

import akka.actor._
import akka.stream._
import akka.http.scaladsl.marshalling.Marshal
import akka.http.scaladsl.model._
import akka.http.scaladsl.server.Directives._
import de.heikoseeberger.akkahttpjson4s.Json4sSupport
import org.json4s.jackson
trait JsonCodec extends Json4sSupport {
  import org.json4s.DefaultFormats
  import org.json4s.ext.JodaTimeSerializers
  implicit val serilizer = jackson.Serialization
  implicit val formats = DefaultFormats ++ JodaTimeSerializers.all
}
object JsConverters extends JsonCodec


object Json4sMarshalling {
  import JsConverters._
  implicit val httpSys = ActorSystem("httpSystem")
  implicit val httpMat = ActorMaterializer()
  implicit val httpEC = httpSys.dispatcher

  val string = "Yeah"
  val entityFuture = Marshal(string).to[MessageEntity]
  val errorMsg = "Easy, pal!"
  val responseFuture = Marshal(420 -> errorMsg).to[HttpResponse]
  val request = HttpRequest(headers = List(headers.Accept(MediaTypes.`application/json`)))
  val responseText = "Plaintext"
  val respFuture = Marshal(responseText).toResponseFor(request)




  import scala.collection.mutable._
  case class User(id: Int, name: String)
  class Item(id: Int, name: String, price: Double)
  object AnyPic {
    val area = 10
    val title = "a picture"
    val data = ArrayBuffer[Byte](1,2,3)
  }

  val john = Marshal(User(1,"John")).to[MessageEntity]
  val fruit = Marshal(new Item(1,"banana", 3.5)).to[MessageEntity]
  val pic = Marshal(AnyPic).to[MessageEntity]

  val route =
    get {
      path("items") {
        complete(fruit)
      } ~
        path("users") {
          complete(john)
        } ~
      path("pic") {
        complete(pic)
      }
    }

}