python编程规范

网页地址：

https://zh-google-styleguide.readthedocs.io/en/latest/google-python-styleguide/python_style_rules/

1.不要使用反斜杠连接行

Python会将 圆括号, 中括号和花括号中的行隐式的连接起来

Yes: foo_bar(self, width, height, color='black', design=None, x='foo',
             emphasis=None, highlight=0)

     if (width == 0 and height == 0 and
         color == 'red' and emphasis == 'strong'):

2.括号

宁缺毋滥的使用括号

除非是用于实现行连接, 否则不要在返回语句或条件语句中使用括号. 不过在元组两边使用括号是可以的.

Yes: if foo:
         bar()
     while x:
         x = bar()
     if x and y:
         bar()
     if not x:
         bar()
     return foo
     for (x, y) in dict.items(): ...

错误示例：
No:  if (x):
         bar()
     if not(x):
         bar()
     return (foo)

3.缩进

对于行连接的情况, 你应该要么垂直对齐换行的元素, 或者使用4空格的悬挂式缩进(这时第一行不应该有参数):

Yes:   # Aligned with opening delimiter
       foo = long_function_name(var_one, var_two,
                                var_three, var_four)

       # 4-space hanging indent; nothing on first line
       foo = long_function_name(
           var_one, var_two, var_three,
           var_four)

       # 4-space hanging indent in a dictionary
       foo = {
           long_dictionary_key:
               long_dictionary_value,
           ...
       }

4.空格

在二元操作符两边都加上一个空格, 比如赋值(=), 比较(==, <, >, !=, <>, <=, >=, in, not in, is, is not), 布尔(and, or, not)

Yes: x == 1

当’=’用于指示关键字参数或默认参数值时, 不要在其两侧使用空格.

Yes: def complex(real, imag=0.0): return magic(r=real, i=imag)

No:  def complex(real, imag = 0.0): return magic(r = real, i = imag)

如果使用具有不同优先级的运算符，请考虑在具有最低优先级的运算符周围添加空格。

推荐

i = i + 1
submitted += 1
x = x*2 - 1
hypot2 = x*x + y*y
c = (a+b) * (a-b)

不推荐

i=i+1
submitted +=1
x = x * 2 - 1
hypot2 = x * x + y * y
c = (a + b) * (a - b)

5.注释规范

函数和方法

def fetch_bigtable_rows(big_table, keys, other_silly_variable=None):
    """Fetches rows from a Bigtable.

    Retrieves rows pertaining to the given keys from the Table instance
    represented by big_table.  Silly things may happen if
    other_silly_variable is not None.

    Args:
        big_table: An open Bigtable Table instance.
        keys: A sequence of strings representing the key of each table row
            to fetch.
        other_silly_variable: Another optional variable, that has a much
            longer name than the other args, and which does nothing.

    Returns:
        A dict mapping keys to the corresponding table row data
        fetched. Each row is represented as a tuple of strings. For
        example:

        {'Serak': ('Rigel VII', 'Preparer'),
         'Zim': ('Irk', 'Invader'),
         'Lrrr': ('Omicron Persei 8', 'Emperor')}

        If a key from the keys argument is missing from the dictionary,
        then that row was not found in the table.

    Raises:
        IOError: An error occurred accessing the bigtable.Table object.
    """
    pass

 

类

类应该在其定义下有一个用于描述该类的文档字符串. 如果你的类有公共属性(Attributes), 那么文档中应该有一个属性(Attributes)段. 并且应该遵守和函数参数相同的格式.

class SampleClass(object):
    """Summary of class here.

    Longer class information....
    Longer class information....

    Attributes:
        likes_spam: A boolean indicating if we like SPAM or not.
        eggs: An integer count of the eggs we have laid.
    """

    def __init__(self, likes_spam=False):
        """Inits SampleClass with blah."""
        self.likes_spam = likes_spam
        self.eggs = 0

    def public_method(self):
        """Performs operation blah."""

块注释和行注释

为了提高可读性, 注释应该至少离开代码2个空格.

最需要写注释的是代码中那些技巧性的部分. 如果你在下次 代码审查 的时候必须解释一下, 那么你应该现在就给它写注释. 对于复杂的操作, 应该在其操作开始前写上若干行注释. 对于不是一目了然的代码, 应在其行尾添加注释.

# We use a weighted dictionary search to find out where i is in
# the array.  We extrapolate position based on the largest num
# in the array and the array size and then do binary search to
# get the exact number.

if i & (i-1) == 0:        # True if i is 0 or a power of 2.

6.导入格式

导入总应该放在文件顶部, 位于模块注释和文档字符串之后, 模块全局变量和常量之前. 导入应该按照从最通用到最不通用的顺序分组:

1. 标准库导入
2. 第三方库导入
3. 应用程序指定导入

import foo
from foo import bar
from foo.bar import baz
from foo.bar import Quux
from Foob import ar

7.命名

module_name, package_name, ClassName, method_name, ExceptionName, function_name, GLOBAL_VAR_NAME, instance_var_name, function_parameter_name, local_var_name.

应该避免的名称

1. 单字符名称, 除了计数器和迭代器.
2. 包/模块名中的连字符(-)
3. 双下划线开头并结尾的名称(Python保留, 例如__init__)

命名约定

1. 所谓”内部(Internal)”表示仅模块内可用, 或者, 在类内是保护或私有的.
2. 用单下划线(_)开头表示模块变量或函数是protected的(使用from module import *时不会包含).
3. 用双下划线(__)开头的实例变量或方法表示类内私有.
4. 对类名使用大写字母开头的单词(如CapWords, 即Pascal风格), 但是模块名应该用小写加下划线的方式(如lower_with_under.py).