添加记录:1.一次添加一条记录:INSERT [INTO] 数据表名[(字段名称1,2……)] {VALUE|VALUES}(值1,2……);
2.一次添加多条记录:INSERT [INTO] 数据表名[(字段名称1,2……)] VALUES(值1,2……),(值1,2……),(值1,2……)……;
3.INSERT……SET的形式:INSERT 数据表名 SET 字段名称1=值1,字段名称2=值2……;
- 首先创建数据库,创建数据表;
CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS imooc1 DEFAULT CHARACTER SET 'UTF8';
USE imooc1;
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS user1(
id INT UNSIGNED AUTO_INCREMENT KEY COMMENT "编号",
username VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL UNIQUE COMMENT "用户名",
age TINYINT UNSIGNED DEFAULT 18 COMMENT "年龄",
email VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL DEFAULT "imooc@qq.com" COMMENT "邮箱"
)ENGINE=INNODB CHARSET=UTF8;
- 以不指定字段名称的方式向表中添加记录;
-- 不指定字段名称
INSERT user1 VALUE(1, "coco", 22, "coco@qq.com");
INSERT user1 VALUES(DEFAULT, "lili", 18, "lili@qq.com");
- 以列出指定字段的形式向表中添加记录;
-- 列出指定字段的形式
INSERT user1(username, email) VALUES("rose", "rose@qq.com");
- 一次向表中添加多条记录;
-- 一次添加多条记录
INSERT user1 VALUES(NULL, "mini", 23, "mini@qq.com"),
(DEFAULT, "jack", 25, "jack@qq.com");
- 以INSERT……SET的形式添加记录;
-- INSERT……SET的形式
INSERT user1 SET username = "a", email = "a@qq.com";
修改记录:UPDATE 表名 SET 字段名称=值,字段名称=值 [WHERE 条件];
如果不添加条件,整个表中的记录都会被更新。
- 修改某条记录的指定字段名称的值;
UPDATE user1 SET age = 24 WHERE id = 1;
UPDATE user1 SET username = "lyly", age = 22, email = "lyly@qq.com" WHERE id = 3;
- 向表中所有用户的年龄加10;
-- 向表中所有用户年龄加10
UPDATE user1 SET age = age + 10;
- 向表中id<=3的用户年龄减20,将邮箱改为默认值
-- 向表中id<=3的用户年龄减20,将邮箱改为默认值
UPDATE user1 SET age = age - 20, email = DEFAULT WHERE id <= 3;
删除记录:
DELETE FROM 表名 [WHERE 条件];
如果不添加条件,整个表中的记录都会被更新。
DELETE FROM user1 WHERE username = "coco";
- DELETE清空数据表的时候不会重置AUTO_INCREMENT的值,可以通过ALTER语句将其重置为1。
ALTER TABLE user1 AUTO_INCREMENT = 1;
- 彻底清空数据表:
TRUNCATE [TABLE] 表名;
作用1:清除表中所有记录。作用2:会重置AUTO_INCREMENT的值。
TRUNCATE user1;
查询记录:
SELECT 要查询内容1…… FROM 表名 [WHERE 条件] [GROUP BY {字段名称|位置} HAVING 二次筛选] [ORDER BY {字段名称|位置|表达式}[ASC|DESC]] [限制结果集的显示条数];
- 查询表中所有记录(所有字段):
SELECT * FROM 表名;
SELECT * FROM user1;
- 指定字段的信息:
SELECT 字段名称,…… FROM 表名;
SELECT username, age FROM user1;
- 库名.表名:
SELECT 字段名称,…… FROM 数据库名.表名;
-- 查询imooc数据库下user1表中的所有记录
SELECT * FROM imooc.user1;
- 给字段起别名:
SELECT 字段名称 [AS] 别名名称,…… FROM 数据库名.表名;
-- 给字段起别名 id 编号 username 用户名 email 邮箱
SELECT id AS "编号", username AS "用户名", email AS "邮箱" FROM user1;
- 给数据表起别名:
SELECT 字段名称,…… FROM 表名 [AS] 别名;
-- 给表起别名
SELECT id, username FROM user1 AS u;
- 表名.字段名称:
SELECT 表名.字段名称,…… FROM 表名;
-- 测试表名.字段名称
SELECT user1.id, user1.username FROM user1;
- WHERE条件:会筛选出符合条件的记录。
- 比较运算符:> >= < <= != <> <=>
<=> 和 = 的区别:<=>可以检测NULL值。 - IS [NOT] NULL :检测值是否为NULL或者NOT NULL。
- 指定范围:[NOT] BETWEEN …… AND
-- 测试范围 BETWEEN……AND
-- 查询年龄在18~30之间的用户
SELECT user1.id, user1.username, user1.email FROM user1
WHERE age BETWEEN 18 AND 30;
4.指定集合:[NOT] IN(值, ……)
-- 测试指定集合 IN
-- 查询id为 1,3,5
SELECT id, username, age FROM user1
WHERE id IN(1, 3, 5);
-- 查询username不为coco, rose
SELECT id, username, age FROM user1
WHERE username NOT IN("coco", "rose");
5.逻辑运算符:AND 逻辑与 OR 逻辑或
-- 测试逻辑运算符
-- 查询id<3且age>20的用户
SELECT id, username, age FROM user1
WHERE id < 3 AND age > 20;
6.匹配字符:①[NOT] LIKE ②% 任意长度的字符串 ③_ 任意一个字符
-- 测试模糊查询 [NOT] LIKE
SELECT id, username, email FROM user1
WHERE username LIKE "lili";
-- 要求用户名中包含l,查询字母不区分大小写
-- l出现在字符任意位置
SELECT id, username, email FROM user1
WHERE username LIKE "%l%";
-- l出现在字符起始位置
SELECT id, username, email FROM user1
WHERE username LIKE "l%";
-- l出现在字符末尾位置
SELECT id, username, email FROM user1
WHERE username LIKE "%l";
-- 用户名长度为四位的用户
SELECT id, username, email FROM user1
WHERE username LIKE "____";
SELECT id, username, email FROM user1
WHERE username LIKE "__s_";
- GROUP BY 分组:
- 把值相同的放到一个组中,最终查询出的结果只会显示组中一条记录
-- 按照性别分组
SELECT username, age, sex FROM user1
GROUP BY sex;
- 分组配合GROUP_CONCAT() 查看组中某个字段的详细信息
-- 按照用户名分组,查询组中的用户名有哪些
SELECT CONCAT(username), age, email FROM user1
GROUP BY username;
- 配合聚合函数使用
(1)COUNT() 统计记录总数,如果写的是COUNT(字段名称),字段中的值为NULL,不统计进来,若写COUNT(*)会统计NULL值
-- 测试COUNT()
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM user1;
SELECT COUNT(id) FROM user1;
SELECT COUNT(*) AS total_username FROM user1;
-- 结合GROUP BY使用
-- 按照sex分组,得到用户名详情,并且分别组中的总人数
SELECT sex, GROUP_CONCAT(username) AS usersDetail, COUNT(*) AS totalUsers FROM user1
GROUP BY sex;
(2)SUM() 求和;MAX() 求最大值;MIN() 求最小值;AVG() 求平均值
-- 按照addr分组,得到用户名详情,总人数,得到组中年龄的总和,年龄的最大值、最小值、平均值和
SELECT addr,
GROUP_CONCAT(username) AS usersDetail,
COUNT(*) AS totalUsers,
SUM(age) AS sum_age,
MAX(age) AS max_age,
MIN(age) AS min_age,
AVG(age) AS avg_age
FROM user1
GROUP BY addr;
- 配合WITH ROLLUP关键使用:会在记录末尾添加一条记录,是上面所有记录的总和
- 结合WHERE条件,查询age>=25的用户,查询用户名详情用usersDetail命名,并且按照sex分组
SELECT sex,
GROUP_CONCAT(username) AS userDetail,
COUNT(*) AS totalUsers
FROM user1
WHERE age >= 25
GROUP BY sex;
- HAVING子句对分组结果进行二次筛选
不进行二次筛选:
-- 按照addr分组,统计总人数、
SELECT addr,
GROUP_CONCAT(username) AS usersDetail,
COUNT(*) AS totalUsers
FROM user1
GROUP BY addr;
结果:
进行二次筛选:
-- 对于分组结果进行二次筛选,条件是组中总人数>=2
SELECT addr,
GROUP_CONCAT(username) AS usersDetail,
COUNT(*) AS totalUsers
FROM user1
GROUP BY addr
HAVING COUNT(*) >= 2;
结果:
- ORDER BY 排序
ORDER BY 字段名称 ASC|DESC
ASC 升序 , DESC 降序
-- 按照id降序排列
SELECT id, username, age
FROM user1
ORDER BY id DESC;
结果:
-- 按照多个字段排序
SELECT id, username, age
FROM user1
ORDER BY age ASC, id DESC;
结果:
-- 实现随机记录
SELECT id, username, age
FROM user1
ORDER BY RAND();
结果:
- LIMIT限制结果集显示条数
LIMIT值:显示结果集的前几条记录
SELECT id, username, age, sex
FROM user1
LIMIT 5;
LIMIT offset, row_count :从offset开始,显示row_count条记录,
SELECT id, username, age, sex
FROM user1
ORDER BY id DESC
LIMIT 0, 5;
练习:
-- 更新user1表中的前3条记录,将age+5
UPDATE user1 SET age = age + 5
LIMIT 3;
-- 将user1表中id字段降序排列,更新前三条记录,将age-10
UPDATE user1 SET age = age - 10
ORDER BY id DESC
LIMIT 3;
-- 删除user1表中前三条记录
DELETE FROM user1 LIMIT 3;
-- 删除user1表中id字段降序排列的前三条记录
DELETE FROM user1
ORDER BY id DESC
LIMIT 3;