那就是来自用户空间的针对uart设备的操作意图是如何通过tty框架逐层调用到uart层的core驱动,进而又是如何调用到真实对应于设备的设备驱动的,本文中的对应设备驱动就是8250驱动,最近我想将这方面的内容搞清楚。
在说明这一方面问题之前我们先要大致了解两个基本的框架结构,tty框架和uart框架。
首先看看tty框架:
在linux系统中,tty表示各种终端。终端通常都跟硬件相对应。比如对应于输入设备键盘鼠标,输出设备显示器的控制终端和串口终端。
下面这张图是一张很经典的图了,很清楚的展现了tty框架的层次结构,大家先看图,下面给大家解释。
最上面的用户空间会有很多对底层硬件(在本文中就是8250uart设备)的操作,像read,write等。用户空间主要是通过设备文件同tty_core交互,tty_core根据用空间操作的类型再选择跟line discipline和tty_driver也就是serial_core交互,例如设置硬件的ioctl指令就直接交给serial_core处理。Read和write操作就会交给line discipline处理。Line discipline是线路规程的意思。正如它的名字一样,它表示的是这条终端”线程”的输入与输出规范设置,主要用来进行输入/输出数据的预处理。处理之后,就会将数据交给serial_core,最后serial_core会调用8250.c的操作。
下图是同一样一副经典的uart框架图,将uart重要的结构封装的很清楚,大家且看。
- int uart_register_driver(struct uart_driver *drv)
- {
- struct tty_driver *normal = NULL;
- int i, retval;
- BUG_ON(drv->state);
- /*
- * Maybe we should be using a slab cache for this, especially if
- * we have a large number of ports to handle.
- */
- drv->state = kzalloc(sizeof(struct uart_state) * drv->nr, GFP_KERNEL);
- retval = -ENOMEM;
- if (!drv->state)
- goto out;
- normal = alloc_tty_driver(drv->nr);
- if (!normal)
- goto out;
- drv->tty_driver = normal;
- normal->owner = drv->owner;
- normal->driver_name = drv->driver_name;
- normal->name = drv->dev_name;
- normal->major = drv->major;
- normal->minor_start = drv->minor;
- normal->type = TTY_DRIVER_TYPE_SERIAL;
- normal->subtype = SERIAL_TYPE_NORMAL;
- normal->init_termios = tty_std_termios;
- normal->init_termios.c_cflag = B9600 | CS8 | CREAD | HUPCL | CLOCAL;
- normal->init_termios.c_ispeed = normal->init_termios.c_ospeed = 9600;
- normal->flags = TTY_DRIVER_REAL_RAW | TTY_DRIVER_DYNAMIC_DEV;
- normal->driver_state = drv; // here is important for me, ref uart_open function in this file
- tty_set_operations(normal, &uart_ops);
- /*
- * Initialise the UART state(s).
- */
- for (i = 0; i < drv->nr; i++) {
- struct uart_state *state = drv->state + i;
- state->close_delay = 500; /* .5 seconds */
- state->closing_wait = 30000; /* 30 seconds */
- mutex_init(&state->mutex);
- tty_port_init(&state->info.port);
- init_waitqueue_head(&state->info.delta_msr_wait);
- tasklet_init(&state->info.tlet, uart_tasklet_action,
- (unsigned long)state);
- }
- retval = tty_register_driver(normal);
- out:
- if (retval < 0) {
- put_tty_driver(normal);
- kfree(drv->state);
- }
- return retval;
- }
- normal->driver_state = drv;
- static struct uart_ops serial8250_pops = {
- .tx_empty = serial8250_tx_empty,
- .set_mctrl = serial8250_set_mctrl,
- .get_mctrl = serial8250_get_mctrl,
- .stop_tx = serial8250_stop_tx,
- .start_tx = serial8250_start_tx,
- .stop_rx = serial8250_stop_rx,
- .enable_ms = serial8250_enable_ms,
- .break_ctl = serial8250_break_ctl,
- .startup = serial8250_startup,
- .shutdown = serial8250_shutdown,
- .set_termios = serial8250_set_termios,
- .pm = serial8250_pm,
- .type = serial8250_type,
- .release_port = serial8250_release_port,
- .request_port = serial8250_request_port,
- .config_port = serial8250_config_port,
- .verify_port = serial8250_verify_port,
- #ifdef CONFIG_CONSOLE_POLL
- .poll_get_char = serial8250_get_poll_char,
- .poll_put_char = serial8250_put_poll_char,
- #endif
- };
这样一来只要将serial8250_ops结构体成员的值赋给我们uart_dirver就可以了,那么这个过程在哪呢?就是在uart_add_one_port()函数中,这个函数是从serial8250_init->serial8250_register_ports()->uart_add_one_port()逐步调用过来的,这一步就将port和uart_driver联系起来了。
- tty_set_operations(normal, &uart_ops);
- static const struct tty_operations uart_ops = {
- .open = uart_open,
- .close = uart_close,
- .write = uart_write,
- .put_char = uart_put_char,
- .flush_chars = uart_flush_chars,
- .write_room = uart_write_room,
- .chars_in_buffer= uart_chars_in_buffer,
- .flush_buffer = uart_flush_buffer,
- .ioctl = uart_ioctl,
- .throttle = uart_throttle,
- .unthrottle = uart_unthrottle,
- .send_xchar = uart_send_xchar,
- .set_termios = uart_set_termios,
- .set_ldisc = uart_set_ldisc,
- .stop = uart_stop,
- .start = uart_start,
- .hangup = uart_hangup,
- .break_ctl = uart_break_ctl,
- .wait_until_sent= uart_wait_until_sent,
- #ifdef CONFIG_PROC_FS
- .read_proc = uart_read_proc,
- #endif
- .tiocmget = uart_tiocmget,
- .tiocmset = uart_tiocmset,
- #ifdef CONFIG_CONSOLE_POLL
- .poll_init = uart_poll_init,
- .poll_get_char = uart_poll_get_char,
- .poll_put_char = uart_poll_put_char,
- #endif
- };
- static const struct file_operations tty_fops = {
- .llseek = no_llseek,
- .read = tty_read,
- .write = tty_write,
- .poll = tty_poll,
- .unlocked_ioctl = tty_ioctl,
- .compat_ioctl = tty_compat_ioctl,
- .open = tty_open,
- .release = tty_release,
- .fasync = tty_fasync,
- };
- int tty_register_driver(struct tty_driver * driver)
- {
- ...
- cdev_init(&driver->cdev, &tty_fops);
- ...
- }
- static ssize_t tty_read(struct file *file, char __user *buf, size_t count,
- loff_t *ppos)
- {
- ...
- ld = tty_ldisc_ref_wait(tty);
- if (ld->ops->read)
- i = (ld->ops->read)(tty, file, buf, count);
- //调用到了ldisc层(线路规程)的read函数
- else
- i = -EIO;
- tty_ldisc_deref(ld);
- ...
- }
- static ssize_t tty_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buf,
- size_t count, loff_t *ppos)
- {
- ...
- ld = tty_ldisc_ref_wait(tty);
- if (!ld->ops->write)
- ret = -EIO;
- else
- ret = do_tty_write(ld->ops->write, tty, file, buf, count);
- tty_ldisc_deref(ld);
- return ret;
- }
- static inline ssize_t do_tty_write(
- ssize_t (*write)(struct tty_struct *, struct file *, const unsigned char *, size_t),
- struct tty_struct *tty,
- struct file *file,
- const char __user *buf,
- size_t count)
- {
- ...
- for (;;) {
- size_t size = count;
- if (size > chunk)
- size = chunk;
- ret = -EFAULT;
- if (copy_from_user(tty->write_buf, buf, size))
- break;
- ret = write(tty, file, tty->write_buf, size);
- //调用到了ldisc层的write函数
- if (ret <= 0)
- break;
- ...
- }
- static ssize_t n_tty_write(struct tty_struct *tty, struct file *file,
- const unsigned char *buf, size_t nr)
- {
- ...
- add_wait_queue(&tty->write_wait, &wait);//将当前进程放到等待队列中
- while (1) {
- set_current_state(TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE);
- if (signal_pending(current)) {
- retval = -ERESTARTSYS;
- break;
- }
- //进入此处继续执行的原因可能是被信号打断,而不是条件得到了满足。
- //只有条件得到了满足,我们才会继续,否则,直接返回!
- if (tty_hung_up_p(file) || (tty->link && !tty->link->count)) {
- retval = -EIO;
- break;
- }
- if (O_OPOST(tty) && !(test_bit(TTY_HW_COOK_OUT, &tty->flags))) {
- while (nr > 0) {
- ssize_t num = process_output_block(tty, b, nr);
- if (num < 0) {
- if (num == -EAGAIN)
- break;
- retval = num;
- goto break_out;
- }
- b += num;
- nr -= num;
- if (nr == 0)
- break;
- c = *b;
- if (process_output(c, tty) < 0)
- break;
- b++; nr--;
- }
- if (tty->ops->flush_chars)
- tty->ops->flush_chars(tty);
- } else {
- while (nr > 0) {
- c = tty->ops->write(tty, b, nr);
- //调用到具体的驱动中的write函数
- if (c < 0) {
- retval = c;
- goto break_out;
- }
- if (!c)
- break;
- b += c;
- nr -= c;
- }
- }
- if (!nr)
- break;
- //全部写入,返回
- if (file->f_flags & O_NONBLOCK) {
- retval = -EAGAIN;
- break;
- }
- /*
- 假如是以非阻塞的方式打开的,那么也直接返回。否则,让出cpu,等条件满足以后再继续执行。
- */
- schedule();//执行到这里,当前进程才会真正让出cpu!!!
- }
- break_out:
- __set_current_state(TASK_RUNNING);
- remove_wait_queue(&tty->write_wait, &wait);
- ...
- }
- c = tty->ops->write(tty, b, nr);
- void initialize_tty_struct(struct tty_struct *tty,
- struct tty_driver *driver, int idx)
- {
- ...
- tty->ops = driver->ops;
- ...
- }
- static int uart_open(struct tty_struct *tty, struct file *filp)
- {
- struct uart_driver *drv = (struct uart_driver *)tty->driver->driver_state; // here just tell me why uart_open can call 8250
- struct uart_state *state;
- int retval, line = tty->index;
- ……
- uart_update_termios(state);
- }
- fail:
- return retval;
- }