Linux文件编程3-文件状态

• 文件状态
  • 函数
  • 演示

文件状态

函数

文件的状态被储存在一个stat结构体中，它所包含的内容如下：

struct stat{
    mdoe_t    st_mode;    // 文件对应的模式、文件、目录等
    ino_t     st_ino;     // inode节点号
    dev_t     st_dev;     // 设备号码
    dev_t     st_rdev;    // 特殊设备号码
    nlink_t   st_nlink;   // 文件的连接数
    uid_t     st_uid;     // 文件所有者
    gid_t     st_git;     // 文件所有者对应的组
    off_t     st_size;    // 文件的大小字节数
    time_t    st_atime;   // 文件最后被访问的时间
    time_t    st_mtime;   // 文件内容最后被修改的时间
    time_t    st_ctime;   // 文件状态改变的时间
    blksize_t st_blksize; // 文件内容对应的块大小
    blkcnt_t  st_blocks;  // 文件内容对应的块数量
}

我们有三种方法来获取文件状态，他们分别是：

/**
* @description 若文件路径是一个链接的路径，链接所指向文件的信息
* @param path  文件路径
* @param buf   文件状态结构体指针
* @return int  执行成功返回0，执行失败返回-1
*/
int stat(const char *path, struct stat *buf);

/**
* @param fd    文件描述符
* @param buf   文件状态结构体指针
* @return int  执行成功返回0，执行失败返回-1
*/
int fstat(int fd, struct stat *buf);

/**
* @description 若文件路径是一个链接的路径，则获得该链接本身的信息
* @param path  文件路径
* @param buf   文件状态结构体指针
* @return int  执行成功返回0，执行失败返回-1
*/
int lstat(const char *path, struct stat *buf);

演示

为了说明stat和lstat在链接文件上的不同表现，我们在演示目录下创建了"1.txt"和他的链接文件"1.txt.link"，目录结构如下：

.
├── 1.txt
├── 1.txt.link -> 1.txt
└── example.cpp
0 directories, 3 files

其中"example.cpp"是我们的示例程序，内容如下：

#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <stdio.h>

void printFileStat(const char* filePath, const char* linkPath);
void printFileLstat(const char* filePath, const char* linkPath);
void printFileFstat(const int fdf, const int fdl);

int main(void){
    char linkPath[] = "./1.txt.link";
    char filePath[] = "./1.txt";
    int fdf = open(filePath, O_RDONLY);
    int fdl = open(linkPath, O_RDONLY);

    if(fdf==-1){
        printf("Fail to get file fd.\n");
        return -1;
    }
    if(fdl==-1){
        printf("Fail to get link fd.\n");
        return -1;
    }
    printf("file fd:%d, link fd:%d.\n", fdf, fdl);

    printf("=====stat=====\n");
    printFileStat(filePath, linkPath);
    printf("=====lstat=====\n");
    printFileLstat(filePath, linkPath);
    printf("=====fstat=====\n");
    printFileFstat(fdf, fdl);

    if(close(fdf)==-1){
        printf("Fail to close file %s.\n", filePath);
        return -1;
    }

    if(close(fdl)==-1){
        printf("Fail to close file %s.\n", linkPath);
        return -1;
    }

    return 0;
}

void printFileStat(const char* filePath, const char* linkPath){
    struct stat st_file;
    struct stat st_link;

    if(stat(filePath, &st_file)==-1){
        printf("Fail to get the state of file %s\n", filePath);
        return;
    }
    else{
        printf("==>file:\n");
        printf("file length:%ld\nmod time:%ld\nnode:%ld\nmode:%d\n", st_file.st_size, st_file.st_mtime, st_file.st_ino, st_file.st_mode);
    }

    if(stat(linkPath, &st_link)==-1){
        printf("Fail to get the state of file %s\n", linkPath);
        return;
    }
    else{
        printf("==>link:\n");
        printf("file length:%ld\nmod time:%ld\nnode:%ld\nmode:%d\n", st_link.st_size, st_link.st_mtime, st_link.st_ino, st_link.st_mode);
    }
}

void printFileLstat(const char* filePath, const char* linkPath){
    struct stat st_file;
    struct stat st_link;

    if(lstat(filePath, &st_file)==-1){
        printf("Fail to get the state of file %s\n", filePath);
        return;
    }
    else{
        printf("==>file:\n");
        printf("file length:%ld\nmod time:%ld\nnode:%ld\nmode:%d\n", st_file.st_size, st_file.st_mtime, st_file.st_ino, st_file.st_mode);
    }

    if(lstat(linkPath, &st_link)==-1){
        printf("Fail to get the state of file %s\n", linkPath);
        return;
    }
    else{
        printf("==>link:\n");
        printf("file length:%ld\nmod time:%ld\nnode:%ld\nmode:%d\n", st_link.st_size, st_link.st_mtime, st_link.st_ino, st_link.st_mode);
    }
}

void printFileFstat(const int fdf, const int fdl){
    struct stat st_file;
    struct stat st_link;

    if(fstat(fdf, &st_file)==-1){
        printf("Fail to get the state of file, fdf:%d\n", fdf);
        return;
    }
    else{
        printf("==>file:\n");
        printf("file length:%ld\nmod time:%ld\nnode:%ld\nmode:%d\n", st_file.st_size, st_file.st_mtime, st_file.st_ino, st_file.st_mode);
    }

    if(fstat(fdl, &st_link)==-1){
        printf("Fail to get the state of file, fdl:%d\n", fdl);
        return;
    }
    else{
        printf("==>link:\n");
        printf("file length:%ld\nmod time:%ld\nnode:%ld\nmode:%d\n", st_link.st_size, st_link.st_mtime, st_link.st_ino, st_link.st_mode);
    }
}

编译执行后的输出如下：

file fd:3, link fd:4.
=stat=
==>file:
file length:0
mod time:1695094117
node:444
mode:33188
==>link:
file length:0
mod time:1695094117
node:444
mode:33188
=lstat=
==>file:
file length:0
mod time:1695094117
node:444
mode:33188
==>link:
file length:5
mod time:1695094150
node:456
mode:41471
=fstat=
==>file:
file length:0
mod time:1695094117
node:444
mode:33188
==>link:
file length:0
mod time:1695094117
node:444
mode:33188

可以看到

函数	特点
stat	当输入为链接路径时，输出为链接所指向的文件的状态。
lstat	当输入为链接路径时，输出为链接文件本身的状态。
fstat	当输入为链接文件描述符时，输出为链接所指向的文件的状态。

另外，基于三个函数执行成功返回0，执行失败返回-1的特点，可以用来判断文件是否存在。