MySQL进阶七：子查询

目录

SELECT嵌套SELECT

含义

分类

按字查询出现的位置

按结果集的不同

一、where、having后面

特点

1、标量子查询

2、列子查询

3、行子查询

二、select后面

三、from后面

四、exists后面

语法

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SELECT嵌套SELECT

含义

出现在其他语句中的select语句，称为子查询或者内查询，外部的查询语句，称为主查询，或者外查询。

分类

按字查询出现的位置

• select后面：仅仅支持标量子查询
• from后面：支持表子查询
• where、having后面：支持标量子查询；列子查询；行子查询
• exists后面（相关子查询）：支持表子查询

按结果集的不同

• 标量子查询（结果集只有一行一列）
• 列子查询（结果集只有一列，但是多行）
• 行子子查询（结果集可以是多行多列）
• 表子查询（结果集随意，一般为多行多列）

一、where、having后面

特点

• 子查询放在小括号内
• 子查询一般放在条件右侧
• 标量查询，一般搭配着单行操作符使用，例如：<、>、>=、<=、=、<> 
• 列子查询，一般搭配多行操作符使用，in、all/some、all
• 子查询的执行优先于主查询的执行，因为子查询的结果是主查询的条件

1、标量子查询

#案例1：谁的工资比 Abel 高？
#step1. 查询Abel的工资
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Abel';
#step2.查询员工的信息，满足salary大于1的结果
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE salary >(
	SELECT salary
	FROM employees
	WHERE last_name = 'Abel'
);

#案例2：返回job_id与141号员工相同，salary比143号员工多的员工 姓名，job_id和工资
#step1.查询141号员工的job_id
SELECT job_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 141;

#step2.查询143号员工的salary
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 143;

#step3.
SELECT last_name, job_id, salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = (
	SELECT job_id
	FROM employees
	WHERE employee_id = 141
)
AND salary > (
	SELECT salary
	FROM employees
	WHERE employee_id = 143
);

#案例3：返回公司工资最少的员工的last_name, job_id,salary
SELECT last_name, job_id, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary=(
	SELECT MIN(salary)
	FROM employees
);

#案例4：查询最低工资大于50号部门最低工资的部门id和其最低工资
#step1.50号部门的最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id=50;

#step2.
SELECT department_id, MIN(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary)>(
	SELECT MIN(salary)
	FROM employees
	WHERE department_id=50
);

注意：非法使用标量子查询的问题

SELECT department_id, MIN(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary)>(
	SELECT salary # 不是一行一列
	FROM employees
	WHERE department_id=50
);

2、列子查询

多行操作符

• in/not in：相当于列表中的任意一个（in相当于=any；not in相当于<>all)
• any/some：和子查询返回的某一个值比较，只要满足其中一个就可以，经常可以被MIN或者MAX替代
• all：和子查询返回的所有值比较

#案例1：返回location_id是1400或者1700的部门中的所有员工姓名
#step1.查询location_id是1400或1700的部门编号
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id = 1400
OR location_id = 1700;

#step2.查询员工姓名，要求部门号是1列表中的某一个
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN (
	SELECT DISTINCT department_id
	FROM departments
	WHERE location_id = 1400
	OR location_id = 1700
);

#案例2：返回其他工种中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’工种任一工资低的员工的：工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary
#step1.
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id='IT_PROG';

#step2.
SELECT department_id, last_name, job_id, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary < ANY(
	SELECT DISTINCT salary
	FROM employees
	WHERE job_id='IT_PROG'
)
AND job_id<>'IT_PROG';

案例2可以进行如下书写代替

SELECT department_id, last_name, job_id, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary < (
	SELECT MAX(salary)
	FROM employees
	WHERE job_id='IT_PROG'
)
AND job_id<>'IT_PROG';

#案例3：返回其他工种中比job_id为'IT_PROG'工种所有工资都低的员工的工号、姓名、job_id、以及salary
SELECT department_id, last_name, job_id, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary < ALL(
	SELECT DISTINCT salary
	FROM employees
	WHERE job_id='IT_PROG'
)
AND job_id<>'IT_PROG';

案例3可以进行如下书写代替

SELECT department_id, last_name, job_id, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary < (
	SELECT MIN(salary)
	FROM employees
	WHERE job_id='IT_PROG'
)
AND job_id<>'IT_PROG';

3、行子查询

#案例：查询员工编号最小并且工资最高的员工信息
#非行子查询版本
#step1.
SELECT MIN(employee_id)
FROM employees;

#step2.
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees;

#step3.
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id=(
	SELECT MIN(employee_id)
	FROM employees
)
AND salary=(
	SELECT MAX(salary)
	FROM employees
);

#行子查询版本
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE (employee_id, salary)=(
	SELECT MIN(employee_id), MAX(salary)
	FROM employees
);

二、select后面

#案例1：查询每个部门的员工个数
SELECT d.*, (
	SELECT COUNT(*)
	FROM employees e
	WHERE e.department_id = d.`department_id`
)
FROM departments d;

#案例2：查询员工号为102的部门名
SELECT (
	SELECT department_name
	FROM departments d
	INNER JOIN employees e
	ON d.department_id=e.department_id
	WHERE e.employee_id = 102
) 部门名;

三、from后面

将子查询结果充当一张表，必须起别名

#案例：查询每个部门的平均工资的工资等级
#step1.
SELECT AVG(salary), department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id;

#step2.连接1的结果集与job_grades表
SELECT ag_dep.*, g.`grade_level`
FROM (
	SELECT AVG(salary) ag, department_id
	FROM employees
	GROUP BY department_id
) ag_dep
INNER JOIN job_grades g
ON ag_dep.ag BETWEEN g.`lowest_sal` AND g.`highest_sal`;

四、exists后面

语法

exists（完整的查询语句）

返回结果：1或者0

#案例1：查询有员工名的部门名
SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE EXISTS(
	SELECT *
	FROM employees e
	WHERE d.`department_id`=e.`department_id`
);

#使用in代替exists
SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE d.`department_id` IN(
	SELECT department_id
	FROM employees
);

#案例2：查询没有女朋友的男生信息
#in
SELECT bo.*
FROM boys bo
WHERE bo.id NOT IN(
	SELECT boyfriend_id
	FROM beauty
);

#exists
SELECT bo.*
FROM boys bo
WHERE NOT EXISTS(
	SELECT boyfriend_id
	FROM beauty b
	WHERE bo.`id`=b.`boyfriend_id`
);