内容参考于《21天学通C++》(第八版)
不去纠结C++的原理和细节,从C的角度去学习C++,再通过C++项目去加深理解
三.类的复制
1. 示例1-浅复制及其存在的问题
#include <iostream>
#include <string.h>
using namespace std;
class MyString
{
private:
char* buffer;
public:
MyString(const char* initString) // Constructor
{
buffer = NULL;
if (initString != NULL)
{
buffer = new char[strlen(initString) + 1];
strcpy(buffer, initString);
}
}
~MyString() // Destructor
{
cout << "Invoking destructor, clearing up" << endl;
delete[] buffer;
}
int GetLength()
{
return strlen(buffer);
}
const char* GetString()
{
return buffer;
}
};
void UseMyString(MyString str)
{
cout << "String buffer in MyString is " << str.GetLength();
cout << " characters long" << endl;
cout << "buffer contains: " << str.GetString() << endl;
return;
}
int main()
{
MyString sayHello("Hello from String Class");
UseMyString(sayHello);
return 0;
}
运行结果-程序退出main后崩溃了。
再进入UseMyString(sayHello),sayHello变成了形参,可是buffer指的数据是真实的,退出UseMyString时,形参销毁,把buffer也销毁了。退出main,导致无东西可销毁。
2. 示例2-使用复制构造函数确保深复制
#include <iostream>
#include <string.h>
using namespace std;
class MyString
{
private:
char* buffer;
public:
MyString(const char* initString) // constructor
{
buffer = NULL;
cout << "Default constructor: creating new MyString" << endl;
if (initString != NULL)
{
buffer = new char[strlen(initString) + 1];
strcpy(buffer, initString);
cout << "buffer points to: 0x" << hex;
cout << (unsigned int*)buffer << endl;
}
}
MyString(const MyString& copySource) // Copy constructor
{
buffer = NULL;
cout << "Copy constructor: copying from MyString" << endl;
if (copySource.buffer != NULL)
{
// allocate own buffer
buffer = new char[strlen(copySource.buffer) + 1];
// deep copy from the source into local buffer
strcpy(buffer, copySource.buffer);
cout << "buffer points to: 0x" << hex;
cout << (unsigned int*)buffer << endl;
}
}
// Destructor
~MyString()
{
cout << "Invoking destructor, clearing up" << endl;
delete[] buffer;
}
int GetLength()
{
return strlen(buffer);
}
const char* GetString()
{
return buffer;
}
};
void UseMyString(MyString str)
{
cout << "String buffer in MyString is " << str.GetLength();
cout << " characters long" << endl;
cout << "buffer contains: " << str.GetString() << endl;
return;
}
int main()
{
MyString sayHello("Hello from String Class");
UseMyString(sayHello);
return 0;
}
运行结果
Default constructor: creating new MyString
buffer points to: 0x01232D90
Copy constructor: copying from MyString
buffer points to: 0x01232DD8
String buffer in MyString is 17 characters long
buffer contains: Hello from String Class
Invoking destructor, clearing up
Invoking destructor, clearing up
当类被复制时,会自动调用MyString(const MyString& copySource)进行构造,在这里可以进行深度复制strcpy(buffer, copySource.buffer)
3. 示例3-赋值复制
如果 实例=实例,那该怎么办?那么需要运算符重载,实现以下方法,当该类遇到=,都会执行里面内容。
MyString::operator= (const MyString& copySource)
{
//... copy assignment operator code
}
4. 其他注意
MyString(const MyString& copySource)
-
通过在复制构造函数声明中使用 const,可确保复制构造函数不会修改指向的源对象。另外,复制构造函数的参数必须按引用传递,否则复制构造函数将不断调用自己,直到耗尽系统的内存为止。
-
类包含原始指针成员( char *等)时,务必编写复制构造函数和复制赋值运算符。编写复制构造函数时,务必将接受源对象的参数声明为 const 引用。声明构造函数时务必考虑使用关键字 explicit,以避免隐式转换。务必将类成员声明为 std::string 和智能指针类(而不是原始指针),因为它们实现了复制构造函数,可减少您的工作量。
-
除非万不得已,不要类成员声明为原始指针。
5. 隐式转换
class Human
{
int age;
public:
Human(int humansAge): age(humansAge) {}
};
// Function that takes a Human as a parameter
void DoSomething(Human person)
{
cout << "Human sent did something" << endl;
return;
}
这个类能够执行
Human kid(10);
DoSomething(kid);
Human anotherKid = 11; // 类型明显异常
DoSomething(10); // 类型明显异常
函数 DoSothing(Human person)被声明为接受一个 Human(而不是 int)参数!前面的代码为何可行呢?这是因为编译器知道 Human 类包含一个将整数作为参数的构造函数, 进而替您执行了隐式转换:将您提供的整数作为参数发送给这个构造函数,从而创建一个Human 对象。为避免隐式转换,可在声明构造函数时使用关键字 explicit:
class Human
{
int age;
public:
explicit Human(int humansAge): age(humansAge) {}
};
并非必须使用关键字 explicit,但在很多情况下,这都是一种良好的编程实践。
6.不允许复制的类
class President
{
private:
President(const President&); // private copy constructor
President& operator= (const President&); // private copy assignment operator
// … other attributes
};