一、给实例绑定属性、方法,给类绑定方法
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
class Student(object):
pass
"""给实例绑定属性"""
s = Student()
s.name = "Jason Zhang"
s.score = 90
print(s.name, s.score)
"""给实例绑定方法"""
def setage(self, age):
self.age = age
from types import MethodType
s.set_age = MethodType(setage, s)
s.set_age(105)
print (s.age)
"""给类绑定方法"""
Student.set_age = setage
s1 = Student()
s1.set_age(100)
print(s1.age)
"""给类绑定方法也可用 MethodType"""
from types import MethodType
Student.set_age = MethodType(setage, Student)
s = Student()
s.set_age(105)
print (s.age)
1、Python允许在定义class的时候,定义一个特殊的__slots__
变量,来限制该class实例能添加的属性,使用__slots__
要注意,__slots__
定义的属性仅对当前类实例起作用,对继承的子类是不起作用的。
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
class Student(object):
__slots__ = ("name","age", "score")
"""给实例绑定属性"""
s = Student()
s.name = "Jason Zhang"
s.score = 90
print(s.name, s.score)
二、属性封装
1.如果给类设置普通属性:
class Student(object):
def __init__(self, score):
self.score = score
"""访问属性时候"""
s = Student()
s.score = 100
2.如果想要验证属性的正确性,需要给类封装:
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
class Student(object):
def __init__(self):
pass
def get_scre(self):
return self.__score
def set_score(self, value):
if not isinstance(value, int):
raise ValueError("must int")
elif value < 0 or value > 100:
raise ValueError('score must between 0 ~ 100!')
else:
self.__score = value
"""访问属性时候"""
>>> s = Student()
>>> s.set_score(60) # ok!
>>> s.get_score()
此时此刻,想要访问属性,必须调用方法,很显然,2比1访问属性要麻烦
3.有没有方法既能封装属性,又能像1一样直接访问?有,用装饰器
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
class Student(object):
def __init__(self):
pass
@property
def score(self):
return self.__score
@score.setter
def score(self, value):
if not isinstance(value, int):
raise ValueError("must int")
elif value < 0 or value > 100:
raise ValueError('score must between 0 ~ 100!')
else:
self.__score = value
"""访问属性"""
s = Student()
s.score = 10
print(s.score)
另外,必须先出现@property,才能出现@属性名.setter
class Student(object):
def __init__(self):
pass
@property
def score(self):
return self.__score
@score.setter
def score(self, value):
if not isinstance(value, int):
raise ValueError("must int")
elif value < 0 or value > 100:
raise ValueError('score must between 0 ~ 100!')
else:
self.__score = value
@age.setter
def age(self, value):
if value > 0 and value <100:
self.__age = value
else:
raise ValueError("age is error")
此时,age会报错。当然, 可以只设置@property,没有@属性名.setter,这样就成只读了
例子:定义一个类Screen,有height、width、solution,只有 solution只读且是宽 * 高
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
class Screen(object):
def __init__(self):
pass
@property
def height(self):
return self.__height
@height.setter
def height(self, value):
if not isinstance(value, int):
raise ValueError("must int")
elif value < 0 or value > 1365:
raise ValueError('score must between 0 ~ 100!')
else:
self.__height = value
@property
def width(self):
return self.__width
@width.setter
def width(self, value):
if not isinstance(value, int):
raise ValueError("must int")
elif value < 0 or value > 982:
raise ValueError('score must between 0 ~ 100!')
else:
self.__width = value
@property
def solution(self):
return self.__height * self.__width
s = Screen()
s.height = 1069
s.width = 600
print(s.solution)
三、 多继承
1.在设计类的继承关系时,通常,主线都是单一继承下来的,例如,Ostrich
继承自Bird
。但是,如果需要“混入”额外的功能,通过多重继承就可以实现,比如,让Ostrich
除了继承自Bird
外,再同时继承Runnable
。这种设计通常称之为MixIn。
举个例子,Python自带了TCPServer
和UDPServer
这两类网络服务,而要同时服务多个用户就必须使用多进程或多线程模型,这两种模型由ForkingMixIn
和ThreadingMixIn
提供。通过组合,我们就可以创造出合适的服务来。
class MyTCPServer(TCPServer, ForkingMixIn):
pass
class MyTCPServer(TCPServer, CoroutineMixIn):
pass