目录
1.Servlet简介
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Servlet是sun公司开发动态web的一门技术
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sun在这些API中提供了一个接口叫Servlet,开发Servlet程序的步骤:
- 编写一个类,实现Servlet接口
- 把开发好的Java类部署到web服务器中
把实现了Servlet接口的Java程序叫做Servlet
2.HelloServlet创建流程
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构建一个普通的Maven项目,删掉里面的src目录,然后建立新的model,可写多个项目,这个空的工程就是Maven主工程
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关于Maven父子工程的理解
父项目中会有
<modules> <module>servlet01</module> </modules>
子项目中会有
<parent> <artifactId>javaweb01_servlet</artifactId> <groupId>com.java</groupId> <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version> </parent>
父项目中的java子项目可以直接使用
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Maven环境优化:
- 修改web.xml与Tomcat版本对应
- 将maven的结构搭建完整(建java和resources文件夹)
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编写一个servlet
- 编写一个普通类
- 实现Servlet接口,直接继承HttpServlet
public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet { //由于get和post只是请求实现的方式不同,可以互相调用,业务逻辑一样 @Override protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { //ServletOutputStream outputStream = resp.getOutputStream(); PrintWriter writer = resp.getWriter(); //响应流 writer.print("Hello,Servlet"); } @Override protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { doGet(req, resp); } }
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编写Servlet的映射:Java程序通过浏览器访问时,需要连接web服务器,所以需要在web服务中注册所写的Servlet,并且需要配置一个地址
<!--注册Servlet--> <servlet> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <servlet-class>com.java.servlet.HelloServlet</servlet-class> </servlet> <!--Servlet的请求路径--> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>
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启动测试
3.Servlet原理
Servlet是由web服务器调用,web服务器在收到浏览器的请求之后,就会进行以下操作:
4.Mapping
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一个Servlet可以指定一个映射路径
<servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>
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一个Servlet可以指定多个映射路径
<servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/hello1</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/hello2</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/hello3</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>
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一个Servlet可以指定通用映射路径
<servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/hello/*</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>
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默认请求路径(一般用来写404,500等错误页面)
<servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>
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指定一些后缀.abc
<servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <url-pattern>*.abc</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>
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优先级问题:指定了固有的映射路径优先级最高,如果找不到就会走默认的请求路径
<!--404--> <servlet> <servlet-name>error</servlet-name> <servlet-class>com.java.servlet.ErrorServlet</servlet-class> </servlet> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>error</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>
5.ServletContext对象
web容器在启动的时候,会为每个web程序创建一个对应的ServletContext对象,塔代表了当前web应用,ServletContext的作用:
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共享数据:在一个Servlet中保存的数据,可以在另一个Servlet中拿到
//放数据 public class SetServlet extends HttpServlet { @Override protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { ServletContext context = this.getServletContext(); String username = "小明"; context.setAttribute("name",username); //将数据保存到ServletContext中,名字为name,值为username } @Override protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { doGet(req, resp); } }
//取数据 public class GetServlet extends HttpServlet { @Override protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { ServletContext context = this.getServletContext(); String name = (String) context.getAttribute("name"); System.out.println(name); resp.setContentType("text/html"); resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8"); resp.getWriter().print("名字:" + name); } @Override protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { doGet(req, resp); } }
<servlet> <servlet-name>setName</servlet-name> <servlet-class>com.java.servlet.SetServlet</servlet-class> </servlet> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>setName</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/setName</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping> <servlet> <servlet-name>getName</servlet-name> <servlet-class>com.java.servlet.GetServlet</servlet-class> </servlet> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>getName</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/getName</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>
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获取初始化参数
public class ServletDemo extends HttpServlet { @Override protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { ServletContext context = this.getServletContext(); String url = context.getInitParameter("url"); resp.getWriter().print(url); } @Override protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { doGet(req, resp); } }
<!--配置一些web应用初始化参数--> <context-param> <param-name>url</param-name> <param-value>jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mybatis</param-value> </context-param> <servlet> <servlet-name>getURL</servlet-name> <servlet-class>com.java.servlet.ServletDemo</servlet-class> </servlet> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>getURL</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/getURL</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>
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请求转发
public class ServletDemo extends HttpServlet { @Override protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { ServletContext context = this.getServletContext(); RequestDispatcher requestDispatcher = context.getRequestDispatcher("/getURL"); //转发的请求路径 requestDispatcher.forward(req,resp); //调用forward实现请求转发 } @Override protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { doGet(req, resp); } }
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读取资源文件
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在java中新建一个properties
InputStream is = this.getServletContext().getResourceAsStream("/WEB-INF/classes/com/java/servlet/aaa.properties");
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在resources中新建一个properties
username=root password=123456
public class ServletDemo02 extends HttpServlet { @Override protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { InputStream is = this.getServletContext().getResourceAsStream("/WEB-INF/classes/db.properties"); Properties properties = new Properties(); properties.load(is); String username = properties.getProperty("username"); String password = properties.getProperty("password"); System.out.println(username + password); } @Override protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { doGet(req, resp); } }
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6.HttpServletResponse
web服务器接收到客户端的http请求,针对这个请求分别创建一个代表请求的HttpServletRequest对象,代表响应的一个HttpServletResponse;
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如果要获取客户端请求过来的参数:HttpServletRequest
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如果要给客服端响应一些信息:HttpServletResponse
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简单分类:
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负责向浏览器发送数据的方法
ServletOutputStream getOutputStream() throws IOException; PrintWriter getWriter() throws IOException;
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负责向浏览器发送响应头的方法
void setCharacterEncoding(String var1); void setContentLength(int var1); void setContentLengthLong(long var1); void setContentType(String var1); void setDateHeader(String var1, long var2); void addDateHeader(String var1, long var2); void setHeader(String var1, String var2); void addHeader(String var1, String var2); void setIntHeader(String var1, int var2); void addIntHeader(String var1, int var2);
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响应的状态码
int SC_CONTINUE = 100; int SC_SWITCHING_PROTOCOLS = 101; int SC_OK = 200; int SC_CREATED = 201; int SC_ACCEPTED = 202; int SC_NON_AUTHORITATIVE_INFORMATION = 203; int SC_NO_CONTENT = 204; int SC_RESET_CONTENT = 205; int SC_PARTIAL_CONTENT = 206; int SC_MULTIPLE_CHOICES = 300; int SC_MOVED_PERMANENTLY = 301; int SC_MOVED_TEMPORARILY = 302; int SC_FOUND = 302; int SC_SEE_OTHER = 303; int SC_NOT_MODIFIED = 304; int SC_USE_PROXY = 305; int SC_TEMPORARY_REDIRECT = 307; int SC_BAD_REQUEST = 400; int SC_UNAUTHORIZED = 401; int SC_PAYMENT_REQUIRED = 402; int SC_FORBIDDEN = 403; int SC_NOT_FOUND = 404; int SC_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED = 405; int SC_NOT_ACCEPTABLE = 406; int SC_PROXY_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED = 407; int SC_REQUEST_TIMEOUT = 408; int SC_CONFLICT = 409; int SC_GONE = 410; int SC_LENGTH_REQUIRED = 411; int SC_PRECONDITION_FAILED = 412; int SC_REQUEST_ENTITY_TOO_LARGE = 413; int SC_REQUEST_URI_TOO_LONG = 414; int SC_UNSUPPORTED_MEDIA_TYPE = 415; int SC_REQUESTED_RANGE_NOT_SATISFIABLE = 416; int SC_EXPECTATION_FAILED = 417; int SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR = 500; int SC_NOT_IMPLEMENTED = 501; int SC_BAD_GATEWAY = 502; int SC_SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE = 503; int SC_GATEWAY_TIMEOUT = 504; int SC_HTTP_VERSION_NOT_SUPPORTED = 505;
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常见应用:
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向浏览器输出消息(getWriter)
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下载文件
public class FileServlet extends HttpServlet { @Override protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { //1. 获取下载文件的路径 String realPath = this.getServletContext().getRealPath("\\WEB-INF\\classes\\都市.png"); System.out.println("下载文件的路径:" + realPath); //2. 获取文件下载名 String fileName = realPath.substring(realPath.lastIndexOf("\\")+1); //3. 设置浏览器支持下载,URLEncoder.encode()解决中文乱码 resp.setHeader("Content-Disposition","attachment;filename="+ URLEncoder.encode(fileName,"utf-8")); //4. 获取下载的输入流 FileInputStream in = new FileInputStream(realPath); //5. 创建缓冲区 int len = 0; byte[] buffer = new byte[1024]; //6. 获取OutputStream对象 ServletOutputStream out = resp.getOutputStream(); //7. 将FileOutputStream流写入到buffer缓冲区,使用OutPutStream将缓冲区中的数据输出到客户端 while((len = in.read(buffer)) > 0){ out.write(buffer,0,len); } in.close(); out.close(); } @Override protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { doGet(req, resp); } }
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验证码功能
public class ImageServlet extends HttpServlet { @Override protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { //浏览器三秒刷新一次 resp.setHeader("refresh","3"); //在内存中创建一个图片 BufferedImage image = new BufferedImage(80,20,BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB); //得到图片 Graphics2D g = (Graphics2D) image.getGraphics(); //笔 //设置图片的背景颜色 g.setColor(Color.white); g.fillRect(0,0,80,20); //给图片写数据 g.setColor(Color.blue); g.setFont(new Font(null,Font.BOLD,20)); g.drawString(makeNum(),0,20); //告诉浏览器用图片方式打开 resp.setContentType("image/jpeg"); //不让浏览器缓存 resp.setDateHeader("expires",-1); resp.setHeader("Cache-Control","no-cache"); resp.setHeader("Pragma","no-cache"); //把图片写到浏览器 ImageIO.write(image,"jpg", resp.getOutputStream()); } //生成随机数 private String makeNum(){ Random random = new Random(); //生成一个0-9999999之间的随机数 String num = random.nextInt(9999999)+""; StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer(); for (int i = 0; i < 7-num.length(); i++) { sb.append("0"); } num = sb.toString() + num; return num; } @Override protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { doGet(req, resp); } }
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实现重定向
B这个web资源收到客户端A的请求后,通知A去访问另外一个web资源C的过程叫重定向
/* resp.setHeader("Location","/response/image"); resp.setStatus(302); */ resp.sendRedirect("/response/image"); //发布项目名+重定向路径
面试题:重定向和请求转发的区别:
- 相同点:页面都会发生跳转
- 不同点:请求转发的时候url不会产生变化,状态码307,重定向则会,状态码302
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7.HttpServletRequest
HttpServletRequest代表客户端的请求,用户通过Http协议访问服务器,http请求中的所有信息会被封装到HttpServletRequest,通过HttpServletRequest的方法,获得客户端的所有信息
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获取前端传递的参数,并且请求转发
public class LoginServlet extends HttpServlet { @Override protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { req.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8"); String username = req.getParameter("username"); String password = req.getParameter("password"); String[] hobbies = req.getParameterValues("hobby"); System.out.println(username); System.out.println(password); System.out.println(Arrays.toString(hobbies)); //resp.sendRedirect(req.getContextPath() + "/success.jsp"); req.getRequestDispatcher("/success.jsp").forward(req,resp); } @Override protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { doGet(req, resp); } }
<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %> <html> <head> <title>登录</title> </head> <body> <h2 style="text-align: center">登录</h2> <div style="text-align: center"> <form action="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/login" method="post"> 用户名:<input type="text" name="username"><br> 密码:<input type="password" name="password"><br> 爱好:<input type="checkbox" name="hobby" value="爬山">爬山 <input type="checkbox" name="hobby" value="游泳">游泳 <input type="checkbox" name="hobby" value="睡觉">睡觉 <input type="checkbox" name="hobby" value="读书">读书 <br> <input type="submit"> </form> </div> </body> </html>