1、Handler简介
Handler是Android的一种消息机制，用于同一进程的线程间通信，在这里引用一些任老师书里的描述。 Handler的主要作用是将一个任务切换到某个指定的线程中去执行。那么Android为什么要提供这个功能呢？那是因为Android规定访问UI只 能在主线程中进行，如果再子线程中访问UI，那么程序就会抛出异常（这个验证是否是主线程的工作在ViewRootImpl的checkThread方 法里完成）。这里说的主线程比较特殊，它是由Zygote fork创建的进程，程序入口是ActivityThread类的main方法，然而AcitvityThread不是一个Thread，只是一个final类，后面会有进一步说明。
void checkThread(){
if(mThread != Thread.currentThread){
throw new CalledFromWrongThreadException("Only the original thread that created a view hierarchy can touch its views");
}
}2、Handler机制梳理
平常我们说的Handler，指的是由Handler、Message、MessageQueue和Looper构成的一个整体运行机制。我们可以从下图，大概了解它们的运行流程。
首先就是Handler调用sendXXX系列或者postXXX系列的方法发送Message，不管是哪种方法都是需要从全局消息池里面拿出一个Message对象，即obtain（虽然Message有个全局消息池，其实它的内部实现只是一个对链头进行插入和删除的单链表，毕竟单链表在插入和删除上比较有优势），接着对该Message对象进行各种成员变量的赋值后，把它发送到相应线程的消息队列中，即enqueueMessage（虽然MessageQueue叫消息队列，但它的内部实现并不是队列，和全局消息池一样，也是一个对链头进行插入和删除的单链表），之后的工作交给相应线程的Looper对象，它通过调用loop()方法，无限循环地往消息队列里取消息，即next()，如果队列里无消息，它便被阻塞了（nativePollOnce和nativeWake，本地方法使用Linux的epoll模型）。如果有消息便把消息取出来，同时消息队列伴随着删除该消息的操作，然后调用Message对象的target成员变量的dispatchMessage方法进行消息分发处理，target实际上就是Handler的实例。Handler把消息处理完后，Looper便要把这条消息进行回收再利用，即recycle()，对消息进行“净身”，即置空消息的所有成员变量，之后保证消息无污染地插入全局消息池中，避免OOM。
3、Handler机制分析
大家读到这里有没有产生这样的疑问，上面提到相应线程的消息队列和相应线程的Looper对象，Handler发送消息它是怎么识别发送到哪个线程中的消息队列呢？下面我写了个小例子，我们跟着代码分析。public class TestHandler extends Handler {
public static final String TAG = "TestHanlder";
private String mName = null;
public TestHandler(String n) {
// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
mName = n;
}
public TestHandler(String n, Looper lp){
super(lp);
mName = n;
}
@Override
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
switch(msg.what){
case 1:
Log.d(TAG, mName);
break;
default:
break;
}
}
} public void button1(View v){
TestHandler th = new TestHandler("button1");
Log.d(TAG,th.getLooper().getThread().toString());
th.sendEmptyMessage(1);
}09-17 17:17:09.879: D/MainActivity(21186): Thread[main,5,main]
09-17 17:17:09.879: D/TestHanlder(21186): button1
/**
* Default constructor associates this handler with the {@link Looper} for the
* current thread.
*
* If this thread does not have a looper, this handler won't be able to receive messages
* so an exception is thrown.
*/
public Handler() {
this(null, false);
}
public Handler(Callback callback, boolean async) {
if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) {
final Class<? extends Handler> klass = getClass();
if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) &&
(klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) {
Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur: " +
klass.getCanonicalName());
}
}
mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
if (mLooper == null) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()");
}
mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;
mCallback = callback;
mAsynchronous = async;
}static final ThreadLocal<Looper> sThreadLocal = new ThreadLocal<Looper>();
final MessageQueue mQueue;
... ... ...
/**
* Return the Looper object associated with the current thread. Returns
* null if the calling thread is not associated with a Looper.
*/
public static Looper myLooper() {
return sThreadLocal.get();
}从上面我可以知道，Looper不断循环取消息并处理，其中处理操作其实就是调用了Handler的dispatchMessage方法，由Handler进行消息分发处理，我们看看Handler分发消息的实现：
/**
* Handle system messages here.
*/
public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
if (msg.callback != null) {
handleCallback(msg);
} else {
if (mCallback != null) {
if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
return;
}
}
handleMessage(msg);
}
} public final boolean post(Runnable r)
{
return sendMessageDelayed(getPostMessage(r), 0);
}
public final boolean postAtTime(Runnable r, long uptimeMillis)
{
return sendMessageAtTime(getPostMessage(r), uptimeMillis);
}
... ... ...
private static Message getPostMessage(Runnable r) {
Message m = Message.obtain();
m.callback = r;
return m;
}
private static Message getPostMessage(Runnable r, Object token) {
Message m = Message.obtain();
m.obj = token;
m.callback = r;
return m;
}
private static void handleCallback(Message message) {
message.callback.run();
}
/**
* Callback interface you can use when instantiating a Handler to avoid
* having to implement your own subclass of Handler.
*
* @param msg A {@link android.os.Message Message} object
* @return True if no further handling is desired
*/
public interface Callback {
public boolean handleMessage(Message msg);
}
... ... ...
public Handler(Callback callback) {
this(callback, false);
}
/**
* Use the provided {@link Looper} instead of the default one and take a callback
* interface in which to handle messages.
*
* @param looper The looper, must not be null.
* @param callback The callback interface in which to handle messages, or null.
*/
public Handler(Looper looper, Callback callback) {
this(looper, callback, false);
}
... ... ...
final Callback mCallback;
接下来我们可以看看非主线程是如何具有Handler机制，还是例子分析，和上面工程一样，只是添加了个button2按钮和一个TestHandlerThreadHelp类，首先我们看button2的调用代码，如下：
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
TestHanlderThreadHelp.getInstance().starTest("MyTestHandler");
}
public void button2(View v){
TestHandler th = TestHanlderThreadHelp.getInstance().getHandlerInMyThread("button2");
Log.d(TAG,th.getLooper().getThread().toString());
th.sendEmptyMessage(1);
}
@Override
protected void onDestroy() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
super.onDestroy();
TestHanlderThreadHelp.getInstance().stopTest();
}public class TestHanlderThreadHelp {
public static final String TAG = "TestHanlderThreadHelp";
private TestHanlderThread mtht = null;
private TestHandler th = null;
private TestHanlderThreadHelp() {
}
private static class TestHanlderThreadHelpHolder {
private static final TestHanlderThreadHelp mInstance = new TestHanlderThreadHelp();
}
public static TestHanlderThreadHelp getInstance(){
return TestHanlderThreadHelpHolder.mInstance;
}
public TestHandler getHandlerInMyThread(String n){
if(th == null)
th = new TestHandler(n,mtht.getLooper());
return th;
}
public void starTest(String threadName){
if(mtht == null)
mtht = new TestHanlderThread(threadName);
mtht.start();
}
public void stopTest(){
if(mtht != null)mtht.quit();
mtht = null;
th = null;
}
private class TestHanlderThread extends Thread{
Looper mLooper;
public TestHanlderThread(String threadName) {
// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
super(threadName);
}
@Override
public void run() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
//super.run();
Looper.prepare();
mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
Looper.loop();
}
public Looper getLooper(){
if(!isAlive())
return null;
return mLooper;
}
public boolean quit(){
Looper lp = getLooper();
if(lp != null){
lp.quit();
return true;
}
return false;
}
}
}09-18 10:34:37.689: D/MainActivity(21695): Thread[MyTestHandler,5,main]
09-18 10:34:37.699: D/TestHanlder(21838): button2
/** Initialize the current thread as a looper.
* This gives you a chance to create handlers that then reference
* this looper, before actually starting the loop. Be sure to call
* {@link #loop()} after calling this method, and end it by calling
* {@link #quit()}.
*/
public static void prepare() {
prepare(true);
}
private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
}
sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
}
... ... ...
private Looper(boolean quitAllowed) {
mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed);
mThread = Thread.currentThread();
}
然而这里还是有问题的，问题是我们怎么把消息发到MyTestHandler线程的消息队列里呢？也就是说，我们在new一个Handler实例时怎么绑定MyTestHandler线程对应的Looper对象呢？于是TestHandlerThread类里就有了一个mLooper成员变量及其getter方法，用于存储和获取TestHandlerThread线程对应的Looper对象。在new一个Handler实例时，Hanlder有一个构造方法Handler(Looper)，作用就是把Handler实例就与传入的Looper对象绑定在一起了，此后它的发送消息就会发到与这个Looper对象对应的线程里。因此在程序里，我写了个包装了TestHandlerThread类的TestHandlerThreadHelp类，它的getHandlerInMyThread方法里就返回了绑定了TestHandlerThread线程的Handler实例。至此，其他线程只要拿到这个实例，就能往TestHandlerThread线程发送消息了。因此，我们在mainActivity的button2方法里，调用TestHandlerThreadHelp类的getHandlerInMyThread方法获取Handler实例并发送消息，效果等于在主线程里往MyTestHandler线程发送消息，最后在MyTestHandler线程里处理消息。这里写的TestHandlerThread类仅仅为了测试验证所写，实际使用中，还是推荐使用android系统现成提供的HandlerThread类，使用方式如下：
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
h = new HandlerThread("MyTestHandler3");
h.start();
}
@Override
protected void onDestroy() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
super.onDestroy();
h.quit();
}
public void button3(View v){
TestHandler th = new TestHandler("button3", h.getLooper());
Log.d(TAG,th.getLooper().getThread().toString());
th.sendEmptyMessage(1);
} @Override
public void run() {
mTid = Process.myTid();
Looper.prepare();
synchronized (this) {
mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
notifyAll();
}
Process.setThreadPriority(mPriority);
onLooperPrepared();
Looper.loop();
mTid = -1;
}09-18 14:43:59.279: D/MainActivity(21695): Thread[MyTestHandler3,5,main]
09-18 14:43:59.279: D/TestHanlder(21839): button3
1 21695 Native 72 52 main
*2 21697 VmWait 144 7 GC
*3 21700 VmWait 0 0 Signal Catcher
*4 21701 Runnable 2267 6275 JDWP
*5 21702 VmWait 4 2 Compiler
*6 21703 Wait 0 0 ReferenceQueueDaemon
*7 21704 Wait 1 0 FinalizerDaemon
*8 21705 Wait 0 0 FinalizerWatchdogDaemon
9 21706 Native 0 1 Binder_1
10 21707 Native 0 0 Binder_2
11 21838 Native 0 0 MyTestHandler
12 21839 Native 0 0 MyTestHandler3
13 21841 Native 0 0 Binder_3
最后，在前面叙述中，留下了一个疑问，那就是主线程是什么时候拥有Looper对象的？当启动一个应用程序的时候，系统为应用程序创建进程时会传入一个java类(ActivityThread类)，把该类的静态成员函数main作为程序运行入口点。而主线程是在应用程序进程开启后第一个被启动的线程，用来执行ActivityThread的main方法。在开始的时候提过，主线程比较特殊，它不像其他线程一样new出来了之后再start开启，它是由底层zygota fork出来并把AcitvityThread类main方法作为入口而跑起来的线程，ThreadActivity类也不是一个Thread，它只是一个final类，下面我们看看ActivityThread的main方法实现：
public static void main(String[] args) {
SamplingProfilerIntegration.start();
// CloseGuard defaults to true and can be quite spammy. We
// disable it here, but selectively enable it later (via
// StrictMode) on debug builds, but using DropBox, not logs.
CloseGuard.setEnabled(false);
Environment.initForCurrentUser();
// Set the reporter for event logging in libcore
EventLogger.setReporter(new EventLoggingReporter());
Process.setArgV0("<pre-initialized>");
Looper.prepareMainLooper();
ActivityThread thread = new ActivityThread();
thread.attach(false);
if (sMainThreadHandler == null) {
sMainThreadHandler = thread.getHandler();
}
AsyncTask.init();
if (false) {
Looper.myLooper().setMessageLogging(new
LogPrinter(Log.DEBUG, "ActivityThread"));
}
Looper.loop();
throw new RuntimeException("Main thread loop unexpectedly exited");
}
} /** Returns the application's main looper, which lives in the main thread of the application.
*/
public static Looper getMainLooper() {
synchronized (Looper.class) {
return sMainLooper;
}
}
... ... ...
/** Initialize the current thread as a looper.
* This gives you a chance to create handlers that then reference
* this looper, before actually starting the loop. Be sure to call
* {@link #loop()} after calling this method, and end it by calling
* {@link #quit()}.
*/
public static void prepare() {
prepare(true);
}
private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
}
sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
}
/**
* Initialize the current thread as a looper, marking it as an
* application's main looper. The main looper for your application
* is created by the Android environment, so you should never need
* to call this function yourself. See also: {@link #prepare()}
*/
public static void prepareMainLooper() {
prepare(false);
synchronized (Looper.class) {
if (sMainLooper != null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("The main Looper has already been prepared.");
}
sMainLooper = myLooper();
}
}
... ...
final H mH = new H();
... ...
final Handler getHandler() {
return mH;
}
... ...
private class H extends Handler {
public static final int LAUNCH_ACTIVITY = 100;
public static final int PAUSE_ACTIVITY = 101;
public static final int PAUSE_ACTIVITY_FINISHING= 102;
public static final int STOP_ACTIVITY_SHOW = 103;
public static final int STOP_ACTIVITY_HIDE = 104;
public static final int SHOW_WINDOW = 105;
public static final int HIDE_WINDOW = 106;
public static final int RESUME_ACTIVITY = 107;
public static final int SEND_RESULT = 108;
public static final int DESTROY_ACTIVITY = 109;
... ...
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
if (DEBUG_MESSAGES) Slog.v(TAG, ">>> handling: " + codeToString(msg.what));
switch (msg.what) {
case LAUNCH_ACTIVITY: {
Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "activityStart");
final ActivityClientRecord r = (ActivityClientRecord) msg.obj;
r.packageInfo = getPackageInfoNoCheck(
r.activityInfo.applicationInfo, r.compatInfo);
handleLaunchActivity(r, null);
Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
} break;
case RELAUNCH_ACTIVITY: {
Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "activityRestart");
ActivityClientRecord r = (ActivityClientRecord)msg.obj;
handleRelaunchActivity(r);
Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
} break;
case PAUSE_ACTIVITY:
Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "activityPause");
handlePauseActivity((IBinder)msg.obj, false, (msg.arg1&1) != 0, msg.arg2,
(msg.arg1&2) != 0);
maybeSnapshot();
Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER); break;
... ...
- 线程1的AMS中调用线程2的ATP；（由于同一个进程的线程间资源共享，可以相互直接调用，但需要注意多线程并发问题）
- 线程2通过binder传输到App进程的线程4；
- 线程4通过handler消息机制，将暂停Activity的消息发送给主线程；
- 主线程在looper.loop()中循环遍历消息，当收到暂停Activity的消息时，便将消息分发给ActivityThread.H.handleMessage()方法，再经过方法的调用，最后便会调用到Activity.onPause()，当onPause()处理完后，继续循环loop下去。
------------------------- 2016/11/29--------------------------在研究android内存泄漏时，发现有一种handler的使用方法会导致内存泄漏，这里简单记一下，具体如下例子：
1、Handler的消息队列是按照时间排序的（msg.when时间参数，以system boot为基准），时间最短的排的越靠近接口。
2、removeMessage只能移除消息队列里的消息，已经被next出去并进行处理的是无法取消的。
public class HandlerActivity extends Activity {
private final Handler mHandler = new Handler() {
@Override
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
// ...
}
};
@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
mHandler.sendMessageDelayed(Message.obtain(), 60000);
//just finish this activity
finish();
}
} public class HandlerActivity2 extends Activity {
private static final int MESSAGE_1 = 1;
private static final int MESSAGE_2 = 2;
private static final int MESSAGE_3 = 3;
private final Handler mHandler = new MyHandler(this);
@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
mHandler.sendMessageDelayed(Message.obtain(), 60000);
// just finish this activity
finish();
}
@Override
public void onDestroy() {
// If null, all callbacks and messages will be removed.
mHandler.removeCallbacksAndMessages(null);
}
public void todo() {
};
private static class MyHandler extends Handler {
private final WeakReference<HandlerActivity2> mActivity;
public MyHandler(HandlerActivity2 activity) {
mActivity = new WeakReference<HandlerActivity2>(activity);
}
@Override
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
System.out.println(msg);
if (mActivity.get() == null) {
return;
}
mActivity.get().todo();
}
} 1、Handler的消息队列是按照时间排序的（msg.when时间参数，以system boot为基准），时间最短的排的越靠近接口。
2、removeMessage只能移除消息队列里的消息，已经被next出去并进行处理的是无法取消的。
3、msg.what尽量不使用0，因为postDelayed(runnable, time)默认创建的msg的what就是0，一旦removeMessage，就会把所有msg.what等于0的消息移除，这样runnable也会被移除。
4、SyncBarrier消息就是一个target为null的message，一旦发送syncbarrier消息，那么这个消息后续的说有同步消息都不会被执行，只有异步消息才能通过被执行，提供了一个简单的优先级机制。MessageQueue的next方法如下：
4、SyncBarrier消息就是一个target为null的message，一旦发送syncbarrier消息，那么这个消息后续的说有同步消息都不会被执行，只有异步消息才能通过被执行，提供了一个简单的优先级机制。MessageQueue的next方法如下：
// Try to retrieve the next message. Return if found.
final long now = SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
Message prevMsg = null;
Message msg = mMessages;
if (msg != null && msg.target == null) {
// Stalled by a barrier. Find the next asynchronous message in the queue.
do {
prevMsg = msg;
msg = msg.next;
} while (msg != null && !msg.isAsynchronous());
}
if (msg != null) {
if (now < msg.when)
... ... ...
5、MessageQueue的IdleHandler接口用于在looper处理完所有消息并空闲时被调用，接口返回true表示下次空闲时可被再此调用，返回false就执行一次就完。
------------------------- 2023/7/22--------------------------
6、handler的removeCallbacksAndMessages(Object token)方法， 移除所有msg.obj == token的消息及callback， 需要注意这里是引用判断 ==，如果是token和msg.obj是两个字符串，即使内容相等但引用不等也不行了，但可用handler的 removeCallbacksAndEqualMessages(Object token)，同样功能但用的equal方法进行判断，可惜这个是个@hide方法，应用访问不到。目前我使用的还是removeCallbacksAndMessages，对传入的token进行内容判断和转换，始终保证token引用的唯一性。
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