进程间通信(IPC) 实例

  POSIX IPC中有3中通信机制：消息队列、信号量和共享内存。

 

消息队列：存放消息的队列。消息是指含有消息类型和数据的信息，这些信息被存放在预先定义的消息结构中。消息类型可以是私有的，也可以是共享的。

 

信号量：是一个含有整数值的资源，进程通过检测该整数值，来保证其他进程在某个时间不会进行类似的操作。

 

共享内存：在Linux中，每个进程使用独立的进程地址空间。进程间是不能访问其他进程的地址空间。共享内存间通过建立一段允许其他进程使用过的内存段，实现资源和数据的共享。

 

IPC资源

消息队列、信号量和共享内存都是IPC资源。与文件属性类似，IPC资源也有自己的属性。这些属性被保存在ipc_perm结构体中。

  struct ipc_perm { __key_t __key; /* 关键字 */ __uid_t uid; /* 所有者ID */ __gid_t gid; /* 所有者所属组ID */ __uid_t cuid; /* 创建者ID */ __gid_t cgid; /* 创建者所属组ID */ unsigned short int mode; /* 访问权限 */ unsigned short int __pad1; unsigned short int __seq; /* 序列号 */ unsigned short int __pad2; unsigned long int __unused1; unsigned long int __unused2; };

 

IPC标识符与关键字

在Linux中，使用一个非负整数的标识符来标识IPC资源。只要通过该标识符就可访问与标识符相关的IPC资源，如消息队列、信号量和共享内存。

创建IPC标识符需要指定一个关键字。IPC关键字可以通过调用ftok函数获得。

 <sys/types.h> <sys/ipc.h> key_t ftok(const char *pathname, int proj_id);

 

常用的IPC命令

显示系统中与POSIX：XSI进程间通信相关的资源信息：$ ipcs

$ ipcs -q 显示消息队列信息

$ ipcs -s 显示信号量信息

$ ipcs -m 显示共享内存信息

 

从内核中删除IPC资源：

$ ipcrm [option]

option:

-q msqid  移除msqid为指定的消息队列资源

-m shmid 移除shmid为指定的共享内存资源

-s semid  移除semid 为指定的信号量资源

 

实例代码

消息队列

 #include <stdio.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/ipc.h> #include <sys/msg.h> #define LINUX_ENV #ifdef LINUX_ENV #define _GNU_SOURCE #endif #define MSG_SIZE 256 typedef struct{ long mtype; char mtext[MSG_SIZE]; }msg_info; int create_msg_queue() { key_t key; int proj_id; int msqid; proj_id = 1; key = ftok("/home/veini/linux/msgctl.c", proj_id); if(key == -1) { perror("connot generate the IPC key./n"); exit(1); } msqid = msgget(key, IPC_CREAT|0666); if(msqid == -1) { perror("connot create message queue resource./n"); exit(1); } return msqid; } int send_msg(int msqid, int msg_type, char *msg) { int result; msg_info buf; buf.mtype = msg_type; strcpy(buf.mtext, msg); result = msgsnd(msqid, &buf, strlen(msg), 0); if(result == -1) { perror("connot send message to message queue/n"); exit(1); } return result; } int recv_msg(int msqid, int msg_type, char *msg) { msg_info buffer; int result; result = msgrcv(msqid, &buffer, MSG_SIZE, msg_type, 0); if(result == -1) { perror("connot receive message from the queue./n"); exit(1); } strcpy(msg, buffer.mtext); return result; } void show_msg_stat(int msqid) { struct msqid_ds buffer; msgctl(msqid, IPC_STAT, &buffer); printf("===========Message Queue Info=========/n"); printf("effective user id : %d/n", buffer.msg_perm.uid); printf("effective group id : %d/n", buffer.msg_perm.gid); printf("message quese's creator user id : %d/n", buffer.msg_perm.cuid); printf("message quese's creator group id : %d/n", buffer.msg_perm.cgid); printf("access mode: %x/n", buffer.msg_perm.mode); printf("Maximum number of bytes allowed in message queue : %d/n", buffer.msg_qbytes); printf("Current number of bytes in message queue : %d/n", buffer.__msg_cbytes); printf("Current number of messages in message queue : %d/n", buffer.msg_qnum); #ifdef LINUX_ENV msgctl(msqid, MSG_INFO, &buffer); struct msginfo * queue_info; queue_info = (struct msginfo *)(&buffer); printf("msgpool = %d/n", queue_info->msgpool); printf("msgmax = %d/n", queue_info->msgmax); printf("msgmnb = %d/n", queue_info->msgmnb); printf("msgmni = %d/n", queue_info->msgmni); printf("msgssz = %d/n", queue_info->msgssz); printf("msgtql = %d/n", queue_info->msgtql); #endif } int main(void) { int msqid; char buf[MSG_SIZE]; msqid = create_msg_queue(); show_msg_stat(msqid); send_msg(msqid, 100, "hello world"); show_msg_stat(msqid); sleep(1); recv_msg(msqid, 100, buf); printf("get message from queue: %s/n", buf); return 0; }

 

信号量

#include <stdio.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/ipc.h> #include <sys/sem.h> #define _GNU_SOURCE union semun{ int val; struct semid_ds *buf; unsigned short *array; struct seminfo *__buf; }; int create_sem() { key_t key; int proj_id; int semid; int nsems; proj_id = 2; key = ftok("/home/veini/linux/semctl.c", proj_id); if(key == -1) { perror("connot generate the IPC key"); exit(1); } nsems = 2; semid = semget(key, nsems, IPC_CREAT | 0666); if(semid == -1) { perror("connot creat semaphore set resource./n"); exit(1); } return semid; } void show_sem_info(int semid) { union semun arg; struct semid_ds buffer; arg.buf = &buffer; if(semctl(semid, 0, IPC_STAT, arg) == -1) { perror("cannot get semaphore set info/n"); exit(1); } printf("===========semphore set info===========/n"); printf("effective user id : %d/n", buffer.sem_perm.uid); printf("effective group id : %d/n", buffer.sem_perm.gid); printf("semaphore set's creator user id : %d/n", buffer.sem_perm.cuid); printf("semaphore set's creator group id : %d/n", buffer.sem_perm.cgid); printf("access mode : %x/n", buffer.sem_perm.mode); if(semctl(semid, 0, SEM_INFO, arg) == -1) { perror("connot get semaphore set info/n"); exit(1); } struct seminfo *sem_info; sem_info = (struct seminfo*)(&buffer); printf("semmap : %d/n", sem_info->semmap); printf("semmni : %d/n", sem_info->semmni); printf("semmns : %d/n", sem_info->semmns); printf("semmnu : %d/n", sem_info->semmnu); printf("semmsl : %d/n", sem_info->semmsl); printf("semopm : %d/n", sem_info->semopm); printf("semusz : %d/n", sem_info->semusz); } int main(void) { int semid; semid = create_sem(); show_sem_info(semid); }

 

共享内存

#include <stdio.h> #include <sys/ipc.h> #include <sys/shm.h> #define SHM_SIZE 1024 extern int etext, edata, end; int create_shm(void) { key_t key; int shmid; key = IPC_PRIVATE; shmid = shmget(key, SHM_SIZE, 0); if(shmid == -1) { perror("connot get shared memory./n"); exit(1); } printf("create new shared memory, id = %d/n", shmid); return shmid; } void show_shm_info(int shmid) { struct shmid_ds buffer; if(shmctl(shmid, IPC_STAT, &buffer) == -1) { perror("connot get shared memory info./n"); exit(1); } else { printf("===========shared memory info==========/n"); printf("euid : %d/n", buffer.shm_perm.uid); printf("egid : %d/n", buffer.shm_perm.gid); printf("cuid : %d/n", buffer.shm_perm.cuid); printf("guid : %d/n", buffer.shm_perm.cgid); printf("mode : %d/n", buffer.shm_perm.mode); shmctl(shmid, SHM_INFO, &buffer); struct shm_info *mem_info; mem_info = (struct shm_info *)&buffer; printf("used_ids : %d/n", mem_info->used_ids); printf("shm_tot : %d/n", mem_info->shm_tot); printf("shm_rss : %d/n", mem_info->shm_rss); printf("shm_swp : %d/n", mem_info->shm_swp); } } void use_shm(int shmid, char *buf) { char *shm_addr, *addr; addr = (char *)shmat(shmid, NULL, 0); shm_addr = addr; int pid; if(shm_addr == (char *)(-1)) { perror("connot attach the shared memory to process./n"); exit(1); } printf("=========address information========/n"); printf("etext address : %x/n", &etext); printf("edata address : %x/n", &edata); printf("end address : %x/n", &end); printf("shared memory segment address : %x/n", shm_addr); printf("====================================/n"); strcpy(shm_addr, buf); printf("the input string is : %s/n", buf); pid = fork(); if(pid == -1) { perror("cannot create new process/n"); exit(1); } else if(pid == 0) { printf("child process, the string is : %s/n", shm_addr); printf("modify the string in shared memory./n"); *shm_addr += 1; _exit(0); } else //parent process { wait(NULL); //wait all child process printf("in parent process, the string is : %s/n", shm_addr); if(shmdt(shm_addr) == -1) { perror("cannot release the shared memory/n"); exit(1); } if(shmctl(shmid, IPC_RMID, NULL) == -1) { perror("cannot delete existing shared memory segment./n"); exit(1); } } } int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { int shmid; char *buf = "hello world"; shmid = create_shm(); show_shm_info(shmid); use_shm(shmid, buf); }