C++虚继承的一些理解
1、代码
这一段代码是正常继承的情况,基类CBase(第一层), 派生类 CDerived21 (第二层第一个),派生类CDerived22(第二层第二个),派生类CDerived3(第三层)
这是一个典型的菱形结构
class CBase
{
public: int b;
public: CBase() { b = 1; }
};
class CDerived21 : public CBase
{
public: int d21;
public: CDerived21() { d21 = 21; }
};
class CDerived22 : public CBase
{
public: int d22;
public: CDerived22() { d22 = 22; }
};
class CDerived3 : public CDerived21,public CDerived22
{
public: int d3;
public: CDerived3() { d3 = 3; }
};
此时运行后,将展示CDerived3这一类的内存结构
1>class egProgram5::__l2::CDerived3 size(20):
1> +---
1> 0 | +--- (base class egProgram5::__l2::CDerived21)
1> 0 | | +--- (base class egProgram5::__l2::CBase)
1> 0 | | | b
1> | | +---
1> 4 | | d21
1> | +---
1> 8 | +--- (base class egProgram5::__l2::CDerived22)
1> 8 | | +--- (base class egProgram5::__l2::CBase)
1> 8 | | | b
1> | | +---
1>12 | | d22
1> | +---
1>16 | d3
1> +---
一个类对象占用的空间为20,即5个int型变量 b*2, d21, d22, d3。但我们希望的是仅有一个变量b,否则在需要使用这一变量时可能会出现歧义。那么,来看看进行各种不同的虚继承操作后的情况。
(1)全部虚继承
class CBase
{
public: int b;
public: CBase() { b = 1; }
};
class CDerived21 : public virtual CBase
{
public: int d21;
public: CDerived21() { d21 = 21; }
};
class CDerived22 : public virtual CBase
{
public: int d22;
public: CDerived22() { d22 = 22; }
};
class CDerived3 : public virtual CDerived21,public virtual CDerived22
{
public: int d3;
public: CDerived3() { d3 = 3; }
};
内存情况
1>class egProgram5::__l2::CDerived3 size(28):
1> +---
1> 0 | {vbptr}
1> 4 | d3
1> +---
1> +--- (virtual base egProgram5::__l2::CBase)
1> 8 | b
1> +---
1> +--- (virtual base egProgram5::__l2::CDerived21)
1>12 | {vbptr}
1>16 | d21
1> +---
1> +--- (virtual base egProgram5::__l2::CDerived22)
1>20 | {vbptr}
1>24 | d22
1> +---
可见占用内存量从20变为28。3个虚指针,4个int型变量。
但符合预期的是b这一变量仅仅剩下一个了,不再会出现歧义。同时可以发现,三个基类都被标记为 virtual base 虚基,且在第二层的两个基类中,出现了vbptr 虚指针。同时CDerived3这一派生类也自带了一个虚指针指向自身。从整体的内存结构来看已经无法看出类与类之间的继承关系,如同将4个类的内容按序排列。
那再来看看如果只虚继承其中一个第二层基类的情况。
(2)虚继承其中一个
class CBase
{
public: int b;
public: CBase() { b = 1; }
};
class CDerived21 : public virtual CBase
{
public: int d21;
public: CDerived21() { d21 = 21; }
};
class CDerived22 : public virtual CBase
{
public: int d22;
public: CDerived22() { d22 = 22; }
};
class CDerived3 : public CDerived21,public virtual CDerived22
{
public: int d3;
public: CDerived3() { d3 = 3; }
};
内存情况
1>class egProgram5::__l2::CDerived3 size(24):
1> +---
1> 0 | +--- (base class egProgram5::__l2::CDerived21)
1> 0 | | {vbptr}
1> 4 | | d21
1> | +---
1> 8 | d3
1> +---
1> +--- (virtual base egProgram5::__l2::CBase)
1>12 | b
1> +---
1> +--- (virtual base egProgram5::__l2::CDerived22)
1>16 | {vbptr}
1>20 | d22
1> +---
在仅虚继承CDerived22,正常继承CDerived21的情况下,结果发生了不同。
首先内存空间变为了24。相比第一种情况减少了一个虚指针的容量。减少的虚指针是指向自身的那一个。
同时由于对基类CDerived21是实继承的,CDerived3和CDerived21拥有了一个层次结构,可以明显看到d3这一变量和 base CDerived21的层次关系。
那么再来看看对两个二层基类均不虚继承的情况。
(3)均不虚继承
class CBase
{
public: int b;
public: CBase() { b = 1; }
};
class CDerived21 : public virtual CBase
{
public: int d21;
public: CDerived21() { d21 = 21; }
};
class CDerived22 : public virtual CBase
{
public: int d22;
public: CDerived22() { d22 = 22; }
};
class CDerived3 : public CDerived21,public CDerived22
{
public: int d3;
public: CDerived3() { d3 = 3; }
};
内存情况
1>class egProgram5::__l2::CDerived3 size(24):
1> +---
1> 0 | +--- (base class egProgram5::__l2::CDerived21)
1> 0 | | {vbptr}
1> 4 | | d21
1> | +---
1> 8 | +--- (base class egProgram5::__l2::CDerived22)
1> 8 | | {vbptr}
1>12 | | d22
1> | +---
1>16 | d3
1> +---
1> +--- (virtual base egProgram5::__l2::CBase)
1>20 | b
1> +---
此时内存情况仍为24,可见对于多继承而言,在对于所有基类均采用虚继承的情况下,才能够保证此派生类虚指针的存在。如果不进行虚继承,或继承不完全,均可能留下隐患(如果之后还需要更多层次的继承的话)在各个层均使用虚继承能够更加安全,且保证不会出现数据冗余。代价是虚指针将占用更多的内存空间。