不同操作系统下的程序入口点分析

转自 http://hi.baidu.com/liu_bin0101/blog/item/03e3a9ec4e0fd5d72e2e21b9.html

程序入口与编译器没有什么关系, 关键是链接链接器(UNIX的用的ld和WINDOWS下用的LINK.EXE)
ld 用参数-e entry参数指定程序入口为entry
LINK.EXE 用/ENTRY:symbol指定程序入口为symbol
通常, ld/LINK.EXE 不是被直接运行的, 而是由编译器用适当的参数去调用的.
C/C++编译器的完成编译之后会用适当的参数去调用ld/LINK.EXE告诉链接器程序的入口.
WINDOWS下VC编译的程序程序入口点是WinMainCRTStartup(/SUBSYSTEM:WINDOWS, WIN32 GUI 程序)或mainCRTStartup(/SUBSYSTEM:CONSOLE 即WIN32控制台程序).
UNIX下cc/gcc设置的缺省程序入口是_start.

不论是WinMainCRTStartup, mainCRTStartup还是_start, 在链接器生成可执行程序之后, 入口点信息都保存在可执行文件中了.
WinMainCRTStartup, mainCRTStartup或_start函数都是由C标准库实现的, 这些里面通常做一些初始化工作, 包括一些需要用汇编语言才能完成的工作, 然后调用的main函数(WIN32 GUI 程序是WinMain).
这个过程可以用一个例子来说明, 下面是FreeBSD 6.2 的libc的crt1.c, 里面有_start函数的实现:

C/C++ code

    
    

     
     

     
     /*
     
      LINTLIBRARY 
     
     */
     
     

     
     /*
     
     -
 * Copyright 1996-1998 John D. Polstra.
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
 * OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
 * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
 * INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
 * NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
 * DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
 * THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
 * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF
 * THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 
     
     */
     
     

#ifndef lint
#ifndef __GNUC__

     
     #error
     
      "GCC is needed to compile this file"
     
     

     
     #endif
     
     

     
     #endif
     
      /* lint */
     
     

#include 
     
     <
     
     stdlib.h
     
     >
     
     

#include 
     
     "
     
     libc_private.h
     
     "
     
     
#include 
     
     "
     
     crtbrand.c
     
     "
     
     


     
     extern
     
      
     
     int
     
      _DYNAMIC;

     
     #pragma
     
      weak _DYNAMIC
     
     

typedef 
     
     void
     
      (
     
     *
     
     fptr)(
     
     void
     
     );


     
     extern
     
      
     
     void
     
      _fini(
     
     void
     
     );

     
     extern
     
      
     
     void
     
      _init(
     
     void
     
     );

     
     extern
     
      
     
     int
     
      main(
     
     int
     
     , 
     
     char
     
      
     
     **
     
     , 
     
     char
     
      
     
     **
     
     );

     
     extern
     
      
     
     void
     
      _start(
     
     char
     
      
     
     *
     
     , ...);

#ifdef GCRT

     
     extern
     
      
     
     void
     
      _mcleanup(
     
     void
     
     );

     
     extern
     
      
     
     void
     
      monstartup(
     
     void
     
      
     
     *
     
     , 
     
     void
     
      
     
     *
     
     );

     
     extern
     
      
     
     int
     
      eprol;

     
     extern
     
      
     
     int
     
      etext;

     
     #endif
     
     


     
     char
     
      
     
     **
     
     environ;

     
     const
     
      
     
     char
     
      
     
     *
     
     __progname 
     
     =
     
      
     
     ""
     
     ;


     
     static
     
      __inline fptr
get_rtld_cleanup(
     
     void
     
     )
{
        fptr retval;

#ifdef  __GNUC__
        __asm__(
     
     "
     
     movl %%edx,%0
     
     "
     
      : 
     
     "
     
     =rm
     
     "
     
     (retval));

     
     #else
     
     
        retval 
     
     =
     
      (fptr)
     
     0
     
     ; 
     
     /*
     
      XXXX Fix this for other compilers 
     
     */
     
     

     
     #endif
     
     
        
     
     return
     
     (retval);
}


     
     /*
     
      The entry function. 
     
     */
     
     

     
     void
     
     
_start(
     
     char
     
      
     
     *
     
     ap, ...)
{
        fptr cleanup;
        
     
     int
     
      argc;
        
     
     char
     
      
     
     **
     
     argv;
        
     
     char
     
      
     
     **
     
     env;
        
     
     const
     
      
     
     char
     
      
     
     *
     
     s;

#ifdef __GNUC__
        __asm__(
     
     "
     
     and $0xfffffff0,%esp
     
     "
     
     );

     
     #endif
     
     
        cleanup 
     
     =
     
      get_rtld_cleanup();
        argv 
     
     =
     
      
     
     &
     
     ap;
        argc 
     
     =
     
      
     
     *
     
     (
     
     long
     
      
     
     *
     
     )(
     
     void
     
      
     
     *
     
     )(argv 
     
     -
     
      
     
     1
     
     );
        env 
     
     =
     
      argv 
     
     +
     
      argc 
     
     +
     
      
     
     1
     
     ;
        environ 
     
     =
     
      env;
        
     
     if
     
      (argc 
     
     >
     
      
     
     0
     
      
     
     &&
     
      argv[
     
     0
     
     ] 
     
     !=
     
      NULL) {
                __progname 
     
     =
     
      argv[
     
     0
     
     ];
                
     
     for
     
      (s 
     
     =
     
      __progname; 
     
     *
     
     s 
     
     !=
     
      
     
     '
     
     \0
     
     '
     
     ; s
     
     ++
     
     )
                        
     
     if
     
      (
     
     *
     
     s 
     
     ==
     
      
     
     '
     
     /
     
     '
     
     )
                                __progname 
     
     =
     
      s 
     
     +
     
      
     
     1
     
     ;
        }

        
     
     if
     
      (
     
     &
     
     _DYNAMIC 
     
     !=
     
      NULL)
                atexit(cleanup);
        
     
     else
     
     
                _init_tls();

#ifdef GCRT
        atexit(_mcleanup);

     
     #endif
     
     
        atexit(_fini);
#ifdef GCRT
        monstartup(
     
     &
     
     eprol, 
     
     &
     
     etext);

     
     #endif
     
     
        _init();
        exit( main(argc, argv, env) );
}

#ifdef GCRT
__asm__(
     
     "
     
     .text
     
     "
     
     );
__asm__(
     
     "
     
     eprol:
     
     "
     
     );
__asm__(
     
     "
     
     .previous
     
     "
     
     );

     
     #endif
     
     

__asm__(
     
     "
     
     .ident\t\"$FreeBSD: src/lib/csu/i386-elf/crt1.c,v 1.14 2005/05/19 07:36:07 dfr Exp $\"
     
     "
     
     );

    
    
至于楼主想知道的"如何让没有main函数的C程序变成可执行文件？" 
 涉及到自己链接给链接程序传参数, 有一个例子可以试试.

C/C++ code

      
      

       
       

       
       /*
       
       -
 * name: entry_start.c
 * auth: mymtom
 * date: 2008-02-18
 
       
       */
       
       

#include 
       
       <
       
       unistd.h
       
       >
       
       
#include 
       
       <
       
       string
       
       .h
       
       >
       
       


       
       void
       
       
_start(
       
       void
       
       )
{
        (
       
       void
       
       )write(
       
       1
       
       , __func__, strlen(__func__));
        (
       
       void
       
       )write(
       
       1
       
       , 
       
       "
       
       \n
       
       "
       
       , 
       
       1
       
       );
        _exit(
       
       0
       
       );
}

      
      

这个程序在FreeBSD 6.2 和Fedora Core 6上可以用下面的命令编译, 也可以运行.
gcc -c entry_start.c
ld -o entry_start -static -e _start entry_start.o -lc
但是在运行Loongson Debian Linux V4.0的龙芯福珑迷你(龙芯2E处理器)的机器上会core dump,
原因应该是没有初始化C运行环境而调用了C库函数引起的. 毕竟这不是写C程序的正规方法