The Linux Programming Interface 01 History and Standards UNIX/Linux历史和标准

History and Standards

(01) 介绍UNIX系统和C语言

We begin with a description of the origins of the UNIX system and the C programming language, and then consider the two key currents that led to the Linux system as it exists today: the GNU project and the development of the Linux kernel.

(02) UNIX起源

Thompson drew several ideas for his new operating system from MULTICS, including a tree-structured file system, a separate program for interpreting commands (the shell), and the notion of files as unstructured streams of bytes.

(03) vestige 遗迹

(04) C作为系统开发语言对的优点

The design of C arose from the ideas and needs of a few individuals working toward a single goal: developing a high-level language for implementing the UNIX kernel and associated software. Like the UNIX operating system itself, C was designed by professional programmers for their own use. The resulting language was small, efficient, powerful, terse, modular, pragmatic, and coherent in its design.

(05) evangelist 福音传教士

Some of these students, armed with UNIX knowledge, became UNIX evangelists. Others went on to found or join the multitude of startup company selling inexpensive computer workstations running the easily ported UNIX operating system.

(06) GNU起源

In response, Stallman started the GNU project (a recursively defined acronym for "GNU's not UNIX") to develop an entire, freely available, UNIX-like system, consisting of a kernel and all associated software packages, and encouraged others to join him. In 1985, Stallman founded the Free Software Foundation (FSF), a nonprofit organization to support the GNU project as well as the development of free software in general.

(07) Linux的起源，专业名词太多，也都只是历史，不需要理解。

C语言有两个标准化，第一个是C89和第二个C99，还有POSIX (Portable Operating System Interface)，还有一堆专业组织，比如The Open Group,理解起来太复杂，跳过。

(08) The first attempt to standardize the operating system interface yielded POSIX.1, ratified as an IEEE standard in 1988, and as an ISO standard in 1990.