数据库多主多从

MySQL的多主多从架构涉及到了多个主库（Master）和从库（Slave）之间的数据复制和同步。以下是MySQL多主多从的基本流程：

1. 二进制日志（Binary Log）：

   • 在MySQL中，二进制日志（BINLOG）是一种记录了数据库变更操作的日志文件，包括插入、更新和删除等操作。主服务器（Master）将每个变更操作都写入二进制日志，并且按照顺序记录。

2. 从服务器连接主服务器：

   • 每个从服务器都会连接到一个或多个主服务器，建立复制连接。从服务器通过连接主服务器的复制通道，获取主服务器上的二进制日志。

3. 从服务器请求复制事件：

   • 从服务器会向主服务器发送一个复制事件请求，请求获取主服务器上的二进制日志。主服务器会将对应的二进制日志发送给从服务器。

4. 从服务器应用复制事件：

   • 从服务器接收到主服务器发送的二进制日志后，会将这些日志应用到自己的数据库中。从服务器会按照日志的顺序逐个应用，确保数据的一致性。

5. 从服务器记录中继日志（Relay Log）：

   • 从服务器在应用主服务器的二进制日志时，会记录自己的中继日志。当中继日志积累到一定程度后，从服务器会将这些日志刷新到自己的数据文件中，完成数据的复制和同步。

在多主架构中，每个主库都可以接收写操作，并且需要与其他主库进行数据同步，以确保数据的一致性。为了实现这一点，通常会采用双向复制或其他复杂的同步机制。

请注意，虽然多主多从架构可以提供更高的负载均衡和高可用性，但也会增加系统的复杂性和维护成本。因此，在设计和实施这种架构时，需要仔细考虑业务需求、系统性能和可维护性等因素。

参考：数据库主从备份-CSDN博客

环境

linux:redhat 9.2

mariadb版本:10.5.16

master1:192.168.200.133

master2: 192.168.200.130

salve1:192.168.200.128

salve2:192.168.200.129

步骤

1、更名

[root@admin ~]# hostnamectl  hostname  master1
[root@admin ~]# bash
[root@master1 ~]# 

[root@host02 ~]# hostnamectl  hostname master2
[root@host02 ~]# bash
[root@master2 ~]#

[root@localhost ~]# hostnamectl  hostname savle1
[root@localhost ~]# bash
[root@savle1 ~]# 

[root@client ~]# hostnamectl  hostname savle2
[root@client ~]# bash
[root@savle2 ~]# 

2、关闭防火墙

[root@master1 ~]# systemctl  stop firewalld.service 
[root@master1 ~]# setenforce  0
[root@master1 ~]# 

[root@master2 ~]# systemctl stop firewalld.service
[root@master2 ~]# setenforce  0
[root@master2 ~]# 

[root@savle1 ~]# systemctl stop firewalld.service
[root@savle1 ~]# setenforce 0
[root@savle1 ~]# 

[root@savle2 ~]# systemctl  stop firewalld
[root@savle2 ~]# setenforce  0
[root@savle2 ~]# 

3、安装mariadb

设置开机自启

[root@master1 ~]# yum -y install  mariadb*
[root@master1 ~]# systemctl  restart  mariadb.service 
[root@master1 ~]# systemctl enable  mariadb.service 
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/mysql.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service.
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/mysqld.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service.
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/mariadb.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service.
[root@master1 ~]# 

[root@master2 ~]# yum -y install  mariadb*
[root@master2 ~]# systemctl  restart  mariadb.service 
[root@master2 ~]# systemctl enable  mariadb.service 
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/mysql.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service.
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/mysqld.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service.
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/mariadb.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service.
[root@master2~]#

[root@savle1 ~]# yum -y install  mariadb*
[root@savle1 ~]# systemctl  restart  mariadb.service 
[root@savle1 ~]# systemctl  enable  mariadb.service 
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/mysql.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service.
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/mysqld.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service.
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/mariadb.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service.
[root@savle1 ~]# 

[root@savle2 ~]# yum -y install  mariadb*
[root@savle2 ~]# systemctl  restart  mariadb.service 
[root@savle2 ~]# systemctl  enable  mariadb.service 
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/mysql.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service.
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/mysqld.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service.
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/mariadb.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service.
[root@savle2 ~]# 

4、初始化配置

[root@master1 ~]# mysql_secure_installation

[root@master2 ~]# mysql_secure_installation 

[root@savle1 ~]# mysql_secure_installation 

[root@savle2 ~]# mysql_secure_installation 

 5、对两台主进行主主配置

 [root@master1 ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf.d/mariadb-server.cnf 
[mysqld]
datadir=/var/lib/mysql
socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
log-error=/var/log/mariadb/mariadb.log
pid-file=/run/mariadb/mariadb.pid
  //增加以下
skip_name_resolve = ON     
innodb_file_per_table = ON  
server-id = 1  
log-bin = master-log  
relay-log = slave-log   
auto_increment_offset = 1    
auto_increment_increment = 2 
[root@master1 ~]# systemctl  restart mariadb.service 

 [root@master2 ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf.d/mariadb-server.cnf 
[mysqld]
datadir=/var/lib/mysql
socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
log-error=/var/log/mariadb/mariadb.log
pid-file=/run/mariadb/mariadb.pid
//增加
skip_name_resolve = ON
innodb_file_per_table = ON
server-id = 2
log-bin = master-log
relay-log = slave-log
auto_increment_offset = 2
auto_increment_increment = 2
[root@master2 ~]# systemctl  restart mariadb.service 
[root@master2 ~]# mysql -uroot -p
Enter password: 
MariaDB [(none)]> show master status \G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
            File: master-log.000001
        Position: 329
    Binlog_Do_DB: 
Binlog_Ignore_DB: 
1 row in set (0.000 sec)

ERROR: No query specified

MariaDB [(none)]> 

# 跳过DNS解析，提高连接速度。当客户端连接时，不使用DNS解析主机名。  
skip_name_resolve = ON   
  
# InnoDB存储引擎为每个InnoDB表创建一个.ibd文件，而不是将所有的数据保存在共享的表空间内。  
# 这有助于管理和备份，因为可以单独备份和恢复每个表。  
innodb_file_per_table = ON   
  
# MySQL服务器的唯一标识符，通常用于复制设置。每个服务器在复制环境中都需要一个唯一的ID。  
server-id = 1   
  
# 启用二进制日志。这通常用于复制和恢复操作。  
log-bin = master-log   
  
# 用于复制的从服务器（slave）的中继日志。  
# 这允许从服务器从主服务器接收二进制日志事件，并写入自己的中继日志以供稍后处理。  
relay-log = slave-log   
  
# 设置自增字段的起始偏移量，通常与auto_increment_increment配合使用  
auto_increment_offset = 1  
  
# 设置自增字段的递增量，用于在多服务器或分区环境中避免ID冲突  
auto_increment_increment = 2

6、创建用户并授权

#master1
MariaDB [(none)]> grant replication slave,replication client on *.* to 'repluser'@'192.168.200.%' identified by '1';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.002 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> change master to master_host='192.168.200.130',master_user='repluser',master_password='1',master_log_file='master-log.000001',master_log_pos=329;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.002 sec)
MariaDB [(none)]> start slave;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.000 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> show slave status \G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
                Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event
                   Master_Host: 192.168.200.130
                   Master_User: repluser
                   Master_Port: 3306
                 Connect_Retry: 60
               Master_Log_File: master-log.000003
           Read_Master_Log_Pos: 566
                Relay_Log_File: slave-log.000005
                 Relay_Log_Pos: 556
         Relay_Master_Log_File: master-log.000003
              Slave_IO_Running: Yes
             Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
               Replicate_Do_DB: 
           Replicate_Ignore_DB: 
            Replicate_Do_Table: 
        Replicate_Ignore_Table: 
       Replicate_Wild_Do_Table: 
   Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table: 
                    Last_Errno: 0
                    Last_Error: 
                  Skip_Counter: 0
           Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 566
               Relay_Log_Space: 1469
               Until_Condition: None
                Until_Log_File: 
                 Until_Log_Pos: 0
            Master_SSL_Allowed: No
            Master_SSL_CA_File: 
            Master_SSL_CA_Path: 
               Master_SSL_Cert: 
             Master_SSL_Cipher: 
                Master_SSL_Key: 
         Seconds_Behind_Master: 0
 Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No
                 Last_IO_Errno: 0
                 Last_IO_Error: 
                Last_SQL_Errno: 0
                Last_SQL_Error: 
   Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids: 
              Master_Server_Id: 2
                Master_SSL_Crl: 
            Master_SSL_Crlpath: 
                    Using_Gtid: No
                   Gtid_IO_Pos: 
       Replicate_Do_Domain_Ids: 
   Replicate_Ignore_Domain_Ids: 
                 Parallel_Mode: optimistic
                     SQL_Delay: 0
           SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL
       Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for more updates
              Slave_DDL_Groups: 2
Slave_Non_Transactional_Groups: 0
    Slave_Transactional_Groups: 0
1 row in set (0.000 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> 

#master2
MariaDB [(none)]> grant replication slave,replication client on *.* to 'repluser'@'192.168.200.%' identified by '1';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.001 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]>  change master to master_host='192.168.200.133',master_user='repluser',master_password='1',master_log_file='master-log.000001',master_log_pos=329;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.002 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> start slave;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.001 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> show slave status \G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
                Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event
                   Master_Host: 192.168.200.133
                   Master_User: repluser
                   Master_Port: 3306
                 Connect_Retry: 60
               Master_Log_File: master-log.000003
           Read_Master_Log_Pos: 566
                Relay_Log_File: slave-log.000004
                 Relay_Log_Pos: 866
         Relay_Master_Log_File: master-log.000003
              Slave_IO_Running: Yes
             Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
               Replicate_Do_DB: 
           Replicate_Ignore_DB: 
            Replicate_Do_Table: 
        Replicate_Ignore_Table: 
       Replicate_Wild_Do_Table: 
   Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table: 
                    Last_Errno: 0
                    Last_Error: 
                  Skip_Counter: 0
           Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 566
               Relay_Log_Space: 1779
               Until_Condition: None
                Until_Log_File: 
                 Until_Log_Pos: 0
            Master_SSL_Allowed: No
            Master_SSL_CA_File: 
            Master_SSL_CA_Path: 
               Master_SSL_Cert: 
             Master_SSL_Cipher: 
                Master_SSL_Key: 
         Seconds_Behind_Master: 0
 Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No
                 Last_IO_Errno: 0
                 Last_IO_Error: 
                Last_SQL_Errno: 0
                Last_SQL_Error: 
   Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids: 
              Master_Server_Id: 1
                Master_SSL_Crl: 
            Master_SSL_Crlpath: 
                    Using_Gtid: No
                   Gtid_IO_Pos: 
       Replicate_Do_Domain_Ids: 
   Replicate_Ignore_Domain_Ids: 
                 Parallel_Mode: optimistic
                     SQL_Delay: 0
           SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL
       Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for more updates
              Slave_DDL_Groups: 3
Slave_Non_Transactional_Groups: 0
    Slave_Transactional_Groups: 0
1 row in set (0.000 sec)

ERROR: No query specified

MariaDB [(none)]> 

如遇到错误检查 日志文件 /var/log/mariadb/mariadb.log

7、主主测试

#master1
MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
+--------------------+
3 rows in set (0.008 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> create database mydb;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.001 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mydb               |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.000 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> 

#master2上查看
MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mydb               |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.009 sec)
#删除mydb库随后去到master1上查看
MariaDB [(none)]> drop database mydb;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.002 sec)

#master1
MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
+--------------------+
3 rows in set (0.001 sec)

8、配置从服务器

先为两台主增加配置

[root@master1 ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf.d/mariadb-server.cnf 
[mysqld]
......
log-slave-updates  //增加这一行即可
[root@master1 ~]# systemctl  restart  mariadb.service 

[root@master2 ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf.d/mariadb-server.cnf 
[mysqld]
........
log-slave-updates  //记录二进制日志
[root@master2 ~]# systemctl  restart  mariadb.service 

#slave1
[root@savle1 ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf.d/mariadb-server.cnf 
[mysqld]
datadir=/var/lib/mysql
socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
log-error=/var/log/mariadb/mariadb.log
pid-file=/run/mariadb/mariadb.pid
log-bin=master-log
server-id=3   //优先级
[root@savle1 ~]# systemctl  restart  mariadb.service 


#slave2
[root@savle2 ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf.d/mariadb-server.cnf 
[mysqld]
datadir=/var/lib/mysql
socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
log-error=/var/log/mariadb/mariadb.log
pid-file=/run/mariadb/mariadb.pid
log-bin=master-log
server-id=4
[root@savle2 ~]# systemctl  restart  mariadb.service 

9、配置同步信息

#slave1
MariaDB [(none)]> change master to master_host='192.168.200.130',master_user='repluser',master_password='1',master_log_file='master-log.000001',master_log_pos=329;
MariaDB [(none)]> start slave;
MariaDB [(none)]> show slave status \G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
                Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event
                   Master_Host: 192.168.200.130
                   Master_User: repluser
                   Master_Port: 3306
                 Connect_Retry: 60
               Master_Log_File: master-log.000004
           Read_Master_Log_Pos: 343
                Relay_Log_File: mariadb-relay-bin.000005
                 Relay_Log_Pos: 643
         Relay_Master_Log_File: master-log.000004
              Slave_IO_Running: Yes
             Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
               Replicate_Do_DB: 
           Replicate_Ignore_DB: 
            Replicate_Do_Table: 
        Replicate_Ignore_Table: 
       Replicate_Wild_Do_Table: 
   Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table: 
                    Last_Errno: 0
                    Last_Error: 
                  Skip_Counter: 0
           Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 343
               Relay_Log_Space: 1696
               Until_Condition: None
                Until_Log_File: 
                 Until_Log_Pos: 0
            Master_SSL_Allowed: No
            Master_SSL_CA_File: 
            Master_SSL_CA_Path: 
               Master_SSL_Cert: 
             Master_SSL_Cipher: 
                Master_SSL_Key: 
         Seconds_Behind_Master: 0
 Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No
                 Last_IO_Errno: 0
                 Last_IO_Error: 
                Last_SQL_Errno: 0
                Last_SQL_Error: 
   Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids: 
              Master_Server_Id: 2
                Master_SSL_Crl: 
            Master_SSL_Crlpath: 
                    Using_Gtid: No
                   Gtid_IO_Pos: 
       Replicate_Do_Domain_Ids: 
   Replicate_Ignore_Domain_Ids: 
                 Parallel_Mode: optimistic
                     SQL_Delay: 0
           SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL
       Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for more updates
              Slave_DDL_Groups: 3
Slave_Non_Transactional_Groups: 0
    Slave_Transactional_Groups: 0
1 row in set (0.000 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> 

#slave2
MariaDB [(none)]> change master to master_host='192.168.200.133',master_user='repluser',master_password='1',master_log_file='master-log.000001',master_log_pos=329;
MariaDB [(none)]> start slave;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.000 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> show slave status \G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
                Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event
                   Master_Host: 192.168.200.133
                   Master_User: repluser
                   Master_Port: 3306
                 Connect_Retry: 60
               Master_Log_File: master-log.000004
           Read_Master_Log_Pos: 343
                Relay_Log_File: mariadb-relay-bin.000006
                 Relay_Log_Pos: 643
         Relay_Master_Log_File: master-log.000004
              Slave_IO_Running: Yes
             Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
               Replicate_Do_DB: 
           Replicate_Ignore_DB: 
            Replicate_Do_Table: 
        Replicate_Ignore_Table: 
       Replicate_Wild_Do_Table: 
   Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table: 
                    Last_Errno: 0
                    Last_Error: 
                  Skip_Counter: 0
           Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 343
               Relay_Log_Space: 1254
               Until_Condition: None
                Until_Log_File: 
                 Until_Log_Pos: 0
            Master_SSL_Allowed: No
            Master_SSL_CA_File: 
            Master_SSL_CA_Path: 
               Master_SSL_Cert: 
             Master_SSL_Cipher: 
                Master_SSL_Key: 
         Seconds_Behind_Master: 0
 Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No
                 Last_IO_Errno: 0
                 Last_IO_Error: 
                Last_SQL_Errno: 0
                Last_SQL_Error: 
   Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids: 
              Master_Server_Id: 1
                Master_SSL_Crl: 
            Master_SSL_Crlpath: 
                    Using_Gtid: No
                   Gtid_IO_Pos: 
       Replicate_Do_Domain_Ids: 
   Replicate_Ignore_Domain_Ids: 
                 Parallel_Mode: optimistic
                     SQL_Delay: 0
           SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL
       Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for more updates
              Slave_DDL_Groups: 5
Slave_Non_Transactional_Groups: 0
    Slave_Transactional_Groups: 0
1 row in set (0.000 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> 

10、多主多从测试

#master2创建操作
MariaDB [(none)]> create database ASD;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.000 sec)

#master1
MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| ASD                |
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.000 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> 

#slave1
MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| ASD                |
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.000 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]>

#slave2
MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| ASD                |
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.001 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> 

#master1删除操作
MariaDB [(none)]> drop database ASD;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.001 sec)

#master2
MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
+--------------------+
3 rows in set (0.001 sec)

#slave1
MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
+--------------------+
3 rows in set (0.001 sec)

#slave2
MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
+--------------------+
3 rows in set (0.001 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]>