REST framework 视图类之视图工具 mixins 与 generics

mixins

mixins有五个工具类文件，一共提供了五个工具类，六个工具方法：单查、群查、单增、单删、单整体改、单局部改

则视图可以通过继承相应的扩展类来复用代码，减少自己编写的代码量。

这五个扩展类需要搭配GenericAPIView父类，因为五个扩展类的实现需要调用GenericAPIView提供的序列化器与数据库查询的方法。

搭配GenericAPIView的目的:

1. 路由调用GenericAPIView父类APIView的as_view()方法
2. 调用APIView的dispatch完成方发
3. 需要GenericAPIView类提供的几个类属性和方法

ListModelMixin

功能: 群查

列表视图扩展类，提供list(request, *args, **kwargs)方法快速实现列表视图，返回200状态码。

该Mixin的list方法会对数据进行过滤和分页。

源代码：

class ListModelMixin(object):
    """
    List a queryset.
    """
    def list(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        # 过滤
        queryset = self.filter_queryset(self.get_queryset())
        # 分页
        page = self.paginate_queryset(queryset)
        if page is not None:
            serializer = self.get_serializer(page, many=True)
            return self.get_paginated_response(serializer.data)
        # 序列化
        serializer = self.get_serializer(queryset, many=True)
        return Response(serializer.data)

RetrieveModelMixin

功能: 单查

详情视图扩展类，提供retrieve(request, *args, **kwargs)方法，可以快速实现返回一个存在的数据对象。

如果存在，返回200， 否则返回404。

源代码：

class RetrieveModelMixin(object):
    """
    Retrieve a model instance.
    """
    def retrieve(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        # 获取对象，会检查对象的权限
        instance = self.get_object()
        # 序列化
        serializer = self.get_serializer(instance)
        return Response(serializer.data)

CreateModelMixin

功能: 单增

创建视图扩展类，提供create(request, *args, **kwargs)方法快速实现创建资源的视图，成功返回201状态码。

如果序列化器对前端发送的数据验证失败，返回400错误。

源代码：

class CreateModelMixin(object):
    """
    Create a model instance.
    """
    def create(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        # 获取序列化器
        serializer = self.get_serializer(data=request.data)
        # 验证
        serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
        # 保存
        self.perform_create(serializer)
        headers = self.get_success_headers(serializer.data)
        return Response(serializer.data, status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED, headers=headers)

    def perform_create(self, serializer):
        serializer.save()

    def get_success_headers(self, data):
        try:
            return {'Location': str(data[api_settings.URL_FIELD_NAME])}
        except (TypeError, KeyError):
            return {}

UpdateModelMixin

功能: 单个对象整体修改或单个对象局部修改

更新视图扩展类，提供update(request, *args, **kwargs)方法，可以快速实现更新一个存在的数据对象。

同时也提供partial_update(request, *args, **kwargs)方法，可以实现局部更新。

成功返回200，序列化器校验数据失败时，返回400错误。

源代码：

class UpdateModelMixin(object):
    """
    Update a model instance.
    """
    def update(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        partial = kwargs.pop('partial', False)
        instance = self.get_object()
        serializer = self.get_serializer(instance, data=request.data, partial=partial)
        serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
        self.perform_update(serializer)

        if getattr(instance, '_prefetched_objects_cache', None):
            # If 'prefetch_related' has been applied to a queryset, we need to
            # forcibly invalidate the prefetch cache on the instance.
            instance._prefetched_objects_cache = {}

        return Response(serializer.data)

    def perform_update(self, serializer):
        serializer.save()

    def partial_update(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        kwargs['partial'] = True
        return self.update(request, *args, **kwargs)

DestroyModelMixin

功能: 删除单个对象

删除视图扩展类，提供destroy(request, *args, **kwargs)方法，可以快速实现删除一个存在的数据对象。

成功返回204，不存在返回404。注意,直接从数据库中将数据删除

源代码：

class DestroyModelMixin(object):
    """
    Destroy a model instance.
    """
    def destroy(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        instance = self.get_object()
        self.perform_destroy(instance)
        return Response(status=status.HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT)

    def perform_destroy(self, instance):
        instance.delete()

案例

• urls.py

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^v3/books/$', views.BookMixinGenericAPIView.as_view()),
    url(r'^v3/books/(?P<pk>.*)/$', views.BookMixinGenericAPIView.as_view()),
]

• views.py

from rest_framework.mixins import ListModelMixin,RetrieveModelMixin,CreateModelMixin,UpdateModelMixin
class BookMixinGenericAPIView(ListModelMixin, RetrieveModelMixin, CreateModelMixin, UpdateModelMixin, GenericAPIView):
    # 继承GenericAPIView的目的:
    # 1.路由调用GenericAPIView父类APIView的as_view()方法
    # 2.调用APIView的dispatch完成方发
    # 3.需要GenericAPIView类提供的几个类属性和方法
    queryset = models.Book.objects.filter(is_delete=False)
    serializer_class = serializers.BookModelSerializer

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        if 'pk' in kwargs:
            # 单查:RetrieveModelMixin 中的retrieve()方法,内部是调用了GenericAPIView的get_object()方法
            response = self.retrieve(request, *args, **kwargs)
        else:
            # 群查:ListModelMixin 中的list()方法,内部是调用了GenericAPIView的get_serializer(queryset, many=True)方法
            response = self.list(request, *args, **kwargs)
        # mixins提供的方法响应的数据默认是Response
        # response.data即可拿到响应的数据
        print(response.data)  # {'字段':'字段值',...}
        return APIResponse(results=response.data)

    # 单增:CreateModelMixin 中的create()方法内部是调用了GenericAPIView的get_serializer(data=request.data)方法完成序列化,在保存
    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        response = self.create(request, *args, **kwargs)
        return APIResponse(results=response.data)

    # 单 整体改: UpdateModelMixin 中的update()方法内部是调用了GenericAPIView的get_object()拿到具体对象,使partial=False到达整体改
    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        response = self.update(request, *args, **kwargs)
        return APIResponse(results=response.data)
    # 单 局部改: UpdateModelMixin 中的update()方法内部是调用了GenericAPIView的get_object()拿到具体对象,使partial=True到达局部改
    def patch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        response = self.partial_update(request, *args, **kwargs)
        return APIResponse(results=response.data)

generics 

工具视图都是GenericAPIView的子类，且不同的子类继承了不同的工具类，重写了请求方法

工具视图的功能如果直接可以满足需求，只需要继承工具视图，提供queryset与serializer_class即可

ListCreateAPIView

功能: 群查,单增

提供方法: get, post

源码:

class ListCreateAPIView(mixins.ListModelMixin,
                        mixins.CreateModelMixin,
                        GenericAPIView):
    """
    Concrete view for listing a queryset or creating a model instance.
    """
    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.list(request, *args, **kwargs)

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.create(request, *args, **kwargs)

UpdateAPIView

功能: 单个对象整体修改或单个对象局部修改

提供方法: put, patch

源码:

class UpdateAPIView(mixins.UpdateModelMixin,
                    GenericAPIView):
    """
    Concrete view for updating a model instance.
    """
    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.update(request, *args, **kwargs)

    def patch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.partial_update(request, *args, **kwargs)

RetrieveUpdateAPIView

功能: 单查,单个对象整体修改或单个对象局部修改

提供方法: get, put, patch

源码:

class RetrieveUpdateAPIView(mixins.RetrieveModelMixin,
                            mixins.UpdateModelMixin,
                            GenericAPIView):
    """
    Concrete view for retrieving, updating a model instance.
    """
    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.retrieve(request, *args, **kwargs)

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.update(request, *args, **kwargs)

    def patch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.partial_update(request, *args, **kwargs)

RetrieveDestroyAPIView

功能: 单查,单删

提供方法: get, delete

注意: 一般会重写destroy方法

源码:

class RetrieveDestroyAPIView(mixins.RetrieveModelMixin,
                             mixins.DestroyModelMixin,
                             GenericAPIView):
    """
    Concrete view for retrieving or deleting a model instance.
    """
    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.retrieve(request, *args, **kwargs)

    def delete(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.destroy(request, *args, **kwargs)

案例

urls.py

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^v4/books/$', views.BookListCreatePIView.as_view()),
    url(r'^v4/books/(?P<pk>.*)/$', views.BookListCreatePIView.as_view()),
]

views.py

from rest_framework.generics import ListCreateAPIView, UpdateAPIView
class BookListCreatePIView(ListCreateAPIView, UpdateAPIView):
    # 根据不同的请求能完成 群查,单个对象整体修改或单个对象局部修改
    queryset = models.Book.objects.filter(is_delete=False)
    serializer_class = serializers.BookModelSerializer