RTCA DO-178C 机载系统和设备认证中的软件注意事项-软件开发的系统相关性（二）

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分类专栏： DO-178C 文章标签：软件工程系统架构

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2.0 软件开发的系统相关性 SYSTEM ASPECTS RELATING TO SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT

本节讨论了解软件生命周期过程所需的系统生命周期过程的那些方面。系统生命周期流程可以在其他行业文档中找到（例如，SAE ARP4754A）。

This section discusses those aspects of the system life cycle processes necessary to understand the software life cycle processes. System life cycle processes can be found in other industry documents (for example, SAE ARP4754A).

本节讨论的是：Discussed in this section are:

软件的系统需求分配（参见 2.1）。System requirements allocation to software (see 2.1).

•系统和软件生命周期过程之间以及软件和硬件生命周期过程之间的信息流（见2.2）。

The information flow between the system and software life cycle processes and between the software and hardware life cycle processes (see 2.2).

•系统安全评估过程、故障条件、软件级别定义和软件级别确定（参见2.3）。

The system safety assessment process, failure conditions, software level definitions, and software level determination (see 2.3).

•架构考虑（参见2.4）。Architectural considerations (see 2.4).

•系统生命周期过程中的软件注意事项（参见 2.5）。Software considerations in system life cycle processes (see 2.5).

•软件生命周期过程中的系统注意事项（参见2.6）。System considerations in software life cycle processes (see 2.6).

本文件中的术语“系统”仅指机载系统和设备，而不是可能包括操作员、操作程序等的更广泛的系统定义。

The term “system” in the context of this document refers to the airborne system and equipment only, not to the wider definition of a system that might include operators, operational procedures, etc.

2.1 软件的系统分配需求 System Requirements Allocation to Software

作为系统生命周期过程的一部分，系统需求是根据系统操作需求和其他考虑因素（例如安全相关、安保和性能需求）制定的。安全相关要求源自系统安全评估过程，可能包括功能、完整性和可靠性需求以及设计约束。

As part of the system life cycle processes, system requirements are developed from the system operational requirements and other considerations such as safety-related, security, and performance requirements. The safety-related requirements result from the system safety assessment process, and may include functional, integrity, and reliability requirements, as well as design constraints.

系统安全评估过程确定系统的故障情况并对其进行分类。在安全评估过程中，定义了与安全相关的需求，通过指定对这些故障条件的所需免疫力和系统响应来确保系统的完整性。这些需求是针对硬件和软件确定的，以排除或限制故障的影响，并且可以提供故障检测、容错、故障消除和故障避免。

The system safety assessment process determines and categorizes the failure conditions of the system. Within the safety assessment process, safety-related requirements are defined to ensure the integrity of the system by specifying the desired immunity from, and system responses to, these failure conditions. These requirements are identified for hardware and software to preclude or limit the effects of faults, and may provide fault detection, fault tolerance, fault removal, and fault avoidance.

系统进程负责根据系统架构确定系统需求的细化和分配到硬件和/或软件。

The system processes are responsible for the refinement and allocation of system requirements to hardware and/or software as determined by the system architecture.

分配给软件的系统需求（包括安全相关需求）被开发并细化为由软件验证过程活动验证的软件需求。这些需求和相关验证应确定软件在任何可预见的操作条件下都能执行其预期功能。分配给软件的系统需求可能包括：

System requirements allocated to software, including safety-related requirements, are developed and refined into software requirements that are verified by the software verification process activities. These requirements and the associated verification should establish that the software performs its intended functions under any foreseeable operating condition. System requirements allocated to software may include:

a. 功能和操作需求。Functional and operational requirements.

b. 接口需求。Interface requirements.

c. 性能需求。 Performance requirements.

d. 与安全相关的需求，包括安全策略、设计约束和设计方法，例如分区、相异性、冗余或安全监控。在系统是另一个系统的组件的情况下，该另一个系统的需求和故障条件也可以构成分配给软件的系统需求的一部分。Safety-related requirements, including safety strategies, design constraints and design methods, such as, partitioning, dissimilarity, redundancy, or safety monitoring. In cases where the system is a component of another system, the requirements and failure conditions for that other system may also form part of the system requirements allocated to software.

e. 安全需求。Security requirements.

f. 维护需求。Maintenance requirements.

g. 认证需求，包括任何适用的认证机构法规、问题文件等。Certification requirements, including any applicable certification authority regulations, issue papers, etc.

h. 辅助系统生命周期过程所需的附加需求。Additional requirements needed to aid the system life cycle processes.

图 2-1 系统和软件生命周期过程之间的信息流

Figure 2-1 Information Flow Between System and Software Life Cycle Processes

2.2 系统和软件生命周期过程之间的信息流Information Flow Between System and Software Life Cycle Processes

图 2-1 是系统生命周期过程和软件生命周期过程之间的信息流的概述。该信息流包括系统安全方面。由于系统安全评估过程和系统设计过程的相互依赖性，这些部分中描述的信息流是迭代的。

Figure 2-1 is an overview of the information flow between system life cycle processes and the software life cycle processes. This information flow includes the system safety aspects. Due to interdependence of the system safety assessment process and the system design process, the flow of information described in these sections is iterative.

2.2.1 从系统进程到软件进程的信息流 Information Flow from System Processes to Software Processes

作为需求分配的一部分或在开发生命周期期间，以下数据由系统进程传递到软件生命周期进程：

The following data is passed to the software life cycle processes by the system processes either as part of the requirements allocation or during the development life cycle:

a. 分配给软件的系统需求。 System requirements allocated to software.

b. 系统安全目标。System safety objectives.

c. 软件组件的软件级别以及相关故障条件的描述（如果适用）。 Software level for software

components and a description of associated failure condition(s), if applicable.

d. 系统描述和硬件定义。System description and hardware definition.

e. 设计约束，包括外部接口、分区要求等。Design constraints, including external interfaces, partitioning requirements, etc.

f. 建议作为软件生命周期的一部分执行的任何系统活动的详细信息。请注意，系统需求验证通常不是软件生命周期过程的一部分。系统生命周期过程负责确保建议作为软件生命周期一部分执行的任何系统活动。Details of any system activities proposed to be performed as part of the software life cycle. Note that system requirement validation is not usually part of the software life cycle processes. The system life cycle processes are responsible for assuring any system activities proposed to be performed as part of the software life cycle.

g. 软件进程向已在其上执行任何活动的系统进程提供的任何数据的可接受性或其他证据。此类活动的示例是系统流程的评估：Evidence of the acceptability, or otherwise, of any data provided by the software processes to the system processes on which any activity has been conducted by the system processes. Examples of such activity are the system processes’ evaluations of:

1. 软件流程提供的派生需求，以确定是否对系统安全评估和系统需求有任何影响。Derived requirements provided by the software processes to determine if there is any impact on the system safety assessment and system requirements.

2. 软件过程提出的与澄清或纠正分配给软件的系统需求有关的问题。Issues raised by the software processes with respect to the clarification or correction of system requirements allocated to software.

h. 系统生命周期过程执行的软件验证活动的证据（如果有）。Evidence of software verification activities performed by the system life cycle processes, if any.

系统进程（见 2.2.1.f 和 2.2.1.g）提供的任何证据应被软件进程视为软件验证结果（见 11.14）。

Any evidence provided by the system processes (see 2.2.1.f and 2.2.1.g) should be considered by the software processes to be Software Verification Results (see 11.14).