九-1、Rocky Linux软件包管理与安装学习笔记

最新推荐文章于 2024-08-03 12:18:10 发布

高高山上立

最新推荐文章于 2024-08-03 12:18:10 发布

阅读量886

点赞数 14

分类专栏： Linux运维与云计算文章标签： linux 学习笔记

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/William_2020/article/details/140501336

版权

Linux运维与云计算专栏收录该内容

13 篇文章 0 订阅

订阅专栏

1. rpm命令安装和查看

.rpm #红帽系，gcc编译过的二进制可以执行
.deb #debian系
tar 源码包：需要编译
RPM：RedHat Package Manager的缩写

2. Rpm软件包管理

a) 光盘
b) Rpmfind.net
c) 官网下载
d) Yum源下载

2.1 yum管理软件包

[root@mytest001-18-56 ~]# ls /mnt/AppStream/Packages/h/httpd-2.4.37-56.module+el8.8.0+1284+07ef499e.6.x86_64.rpm 
/mnt/AppStream/Packages/h/httpd-2.4.37-56.module+el8.8.0+1284+07ef499e.6.x86_64.rpm

release（rpm自身的发布版本号，表示这个rpm软件包是第几次编译生成的，与程序源码的发行号无关）
#修订指是的第几次修改bug。
发布指的是：第几次发布。发布时，可能只是对软件安装的默认参数做了修改，而没有其它改动，就做了一次编译。
el8 redhat8.x/RockyLinux.x
x86_64：表示软件包是64位
.rpm：.rpm和.src.rpm，是rpm包类型后缀，rpm是编译好的二进制包，.src.rpm是源码包
devel：表示这个rpm包是软件的开发包  noarch：说明这样的软件包可以在任何平台安装和运行，不需要特定的硬件平台

2.2 安装rpm包

命令格式：rpm [参数] 软件包

参数：
-i 是install的意思，安装软件包
-v 显示附加信息，提供更多详细信息
-V 校验，对已经安装的软件进行校验
-h --hash 安装时输出####标记

[root@mytest001-18-56 ~]# rpm -ivh /mnt/AppStream/Packages/z/zsh-html-5.5.1-10.el8.noarch.rpm 
Verifying...                          ################################# [100%]
Preparing...                          ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
   1:zsh-html-5.5.1-10.el8            ################################# [100%]
[root@mytest001-18-56 ~]#

2.3 rpm查询功能

用法：rpm -q（query）常与下面参数组合使用

-a（all）查询所有已安装的软件包
-f（file）系统文件名（查询系统文件所属哪个软件包），反向查询
-i 显示已经安装的rpm软件包信息，后面直接跟包名
-l（list）查询软件包中文件安装的位置
-R 查询软件包的依赖性

[root@mytest001-18-56 ~]# rpm -qa anyware*
anyware-manager-k3s-1.26.0-393.el8.x86_64
anyware-manager-selinux-23.08.0~rc10-368.el8.noarch
anyware-connector-23.08.2-0.el8.x86_64
[root@mytest001-18-56 ~]# rpm -qa net-tools
net-tools-2.0-0.52.20160912git.el8.x86_64
[root@mytest001-18-56 ~]# rpm -qi net-tools  #查看详细信息
Name        : net-tools
Version     : 2.0
Release     : 0.52.20160912git.el8
Architecture: x86_64
Install Date: Wed 26 Jun 2024 11:33:40 AM CST
Group       : System Environment/Base
Size        : 964894
License     : GPLv2+
Signature   : RSA/SHA256, Mon 12 Apr 2021 06:31:49 AM CST, Key ID 15af5dac6d745a60
Source RPM  : net-tools-2.0-0.52.20160912git.el8.src.rpm
Build Date  : Wed 07 Apr 2021 11:41:10 AM CST
Build Host  : ord1-prod-x86build001.svc.aws.rockylinux.org
Relocations : (not relocatable)
Packager    : infrastructure@rockylinux.org
Vendor      : Rocky
URL         : http://sourceforge.net/projects/net-tools/
Summary     : Basic networking tools
Description :
The net-tools package contains basic networking tools,
including ifconfig, netstat, route, and others.
Most of them are obsolete. For replacement check iproute package.
[root@mytest001-18-56 ~]# rpm -qR net-tools  #查看依赖包
/bin/sh
libc.so.6()(64bit)
libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.14)(64bit)
libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.2.5)(64bit)
libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.3)(64bit)
libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.3.4)(64bit)
libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.4)(64bit)
libselinux.so.1()(64bit)
rpmlib(CompressedFileNames) <= 3.0.4-1
rpmlib(FileDigests) <= 4.6.0-1
rpmlib(PayloadFilesHavePrefix) <= 4.0-1
rpmlib(PayloadIsXz) <= 5.2-1
rtld(GNU_HASH)
systemd
systemd
systemd
[root@mytest001-18-56 ~]#
[root@mytest001-18-56 ~]# pwd
/root
[root@mytest001-18-56 ~]# echo thisagoodday >> /usr/bin/find 
[root@mytest001-18-56 ~]# rpm -Vf /usr/bin/find  #查看是否被改过
S.5....T.    /usr/bin/find
[root@mytest001-18-56 ~]#

2.4 rpm卸载和升级

rpm -e
参数：–nodeps , 不建议用rpm删除，以为有很多依赖关系，建议用yum的方式删除

Sample：

[root@mytest001-18-56 ~]# rpm -Va > rpm_check0717.txt
[root@mytest001-18-56 ~]# vim rpm_check0717.txt 
[root@mytest001-18-56 ~]# rpm -e zsh
[root@mytest001-18-56 ~]# rpm -Uvh /mnt/BaseOS/Packages/l/lrzsz-0.12.20-43.el8.x86_64.rpm 
Verifying...                          ################################# [100%]
Preparing...                          ################################# [100%]
	package lrzsz-0.12.20-43.el8.x86_64 is already installed
[root@mytest001-18-56 ~]# rpm -ivh /mnt/AppStream/Packages/m/mysql-server-8.0.32-1.module+el8.8.0+1283+4b88a3a8.0.1.x86_64.rpm 
error: Failed dependencies:
	/etc/my.cnf is needed by mysql-server-8.0.32-1.module+el8.8.0+1283+4b88a3a8.0.1.x86_64
	/etc/my.cnf.d is needed by mysql-server-8.0.32-1.module+el8.8.0+1283+4b88a3a8.0.1.x86_64
	libmecab.so.2()(64bit) is needed by mysql-server-8.0.32-1.module+el8.8.0+1283+4b88a3a8.0.1.x86_64
	libprotobuf-lite.so.15()(64bit) is needed by mysql-server-8.0.32-1.module+el8.8.0+1283+4b88a3a8.0.1.x86_64
	mysql(x86-64) is needed by mysql-server-8.0.32-1.module+el8.8.0+1283+4b88a3a8.0.1.x86_64
	mysql-common(x86-64) = 8.0.32-1.module+el8.8.0+1283+4b88a3a8.0.1 is needed by mysql-server-8.0.32-1.module+el8.8.0+1283+4b88a3a8.0.1.x86_64
	mysql-errmsg(x86-64) = 8.0.32-1.module+el8.8.0+1283+4b88a3a8.0.1 is needed by mysql-server-8.0.32-1.module+el8.8.0+1283+4b88a3a8.0.1.x86_64
[root@mytest001-18-56 ~]# ## 系统发现很多依赖没有安装

3. yum软件管理

yum：Yellow dog Updater Modified前端软件包管理器，基于RPM包管理，可以自动处理依赖性关系，一次性安装所有依赖的软件。

yum源格式：
app：系统之外的软件包安装
base: 操作系统相关的软件包

3.1本地源

Sample

[root@mytest001-18-56 yum.repos.d]# cat local.repo 
[app]  
name=app		#
baseurl=file:///mnt/AppStream
enabled=1	#1是启用
gpgcheck=0 	#检查完整性，本地0可以不检查
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-rockyofficial #/etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-rockyofficial密钥文件

[base]
name=base
baseurl=file:///mnt/BaseOS
enabled=1
gpgcheck=0
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-rockyofficial

[root@mytest001-18-56 yum.repos.d]# ls /mnt
AppStream  BaseOS  EFI  images  isolinux  LICENSE  media.repo  TRANS.TBL
[root@mytest001-18-56 yum.repos.d]# yum clean all
38 files removed
[root@mytest001-18-56 yum.repos.d]# vim local.repo 
[root@mytest001-18-56 yum.repos.d]# yum clean all
[root@mytest001-18-56 yum.repos.d]# yum makecache
Rocky Linux 8 - AppStream                                                                                                                                                                     8.7 MB/s |  11 MB     00:01    
Rocky Linux 8 - BaseOS                                                                                                                                                                        4.2 MB/s | 5.0 MB     00:01    
Rocky Linux 8 - Extras                                                                                                                                                                         16 kB/s |  14 kB     00:00    
app		#                                                                                          [                        ===                                                                ] ---  B/s |   0  B    app:-- ETA      #                                                                                                                                                                                         80 MB/s | 8.4 MB     00:00    
base                                                                                                                                                                                           74 MB/s | 2.6 MB     00:00    
Metadata cache created.
[root@mytest001-18-56 yum.repos.d]# yum repolist
repo id                                                                                                repo name
app                                                                                                    app		#
appstream                                                                                              Rocky Linux 8 - AppStream
base                                                                                                   base
baseos                                                                                                 Rocky Linux 8 - BaseOS
extras                                                                                                 Rocky Linux 8 - Extras
[root@mytest001-18-56 yum.repos.d]# yum list|wc -l
11472
[root@mytest001-18-56 yum.repos.d]# ll /usr/bin/yum
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 5 May 16  2023 /usr/bin/yum -> dnf-3

3.2 网络源

Sample：

[root@mytest001-18-56 yum.repos.d]# cp /opt/Rocky-AppStream.repo /opt/Rocky-BaseOS.repo .
cp: overwrite './Rocky-AppStream.repo'? y
cp: overwrite './Rocky-BaseOS.repo'? y
[root@mytest001-18-56 yum.repos.d]# ll
total 12
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 310 Jul 17 16:55 local.repo
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 710 Jul 17 17:03 Rocky-AppStream.repo
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 695 Jul 17 17:03 Rocky-BaseOS.repo
[root@mytest001-18-56 yum.repos.d]# ls
local.repo  Rocky-AppStream.repo  Rocky-BaseOS.repo
[root@mytest001-18-56 yum.repos.d]# sed -e 's|^mirrorlist=|#mirrorlist=|g' \
>     -e 's|^#baseurl=http://dl.rockylinux.org/$contentdir|baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/rockylinux|g' \
>     -i.bak \
>     /etc/yum.repos.d/Rocky-*.repo
[root@mytest001-18-56 yum.repos.d]# dnf makecache
Rocky Linux 8 - AppStream                                                                                                                                                                     573 kB/s |  11 MB     00:19    
Rocky Linux 8 - BaseOS                                                                                                                                                                        990 kB/s | 5.0 MB     00:05    
app		#                                                                                          [   ===                                                                                     ] ---  B/s |   0  B    app:-- ETA      #                                                                                                                                                                                        4.2 MB/s | 4.3 kB     00:00    
base                                                                                                                                                                                          3.8 MB/s | 3.9 kB     00:00    
Metadata cache created.
[root@mytest001-18-56 yum.repos.d]# yum list|wc -l
11416
[root@mytest001-18-56 yum.repos.d]# ls
local.repo  Rocky-AppStream.repo  Rocky-AppStream.repo.bak  Rocky-BaseOS.repo  Rocky-BaseOS.repo.bak
[root@mytest001-18-56 yum.repos.d]# yum install -y https://mirrors.aliyun.com/epel/epel-release-latest-8.noarch.rpm
Last metadata expiration check: 0:03:36 ago on Wed 17 Jul 2024 05:06:56 PM CST.
epel-release-latest-8.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                                                              192 kB/s |  24 kB     00:00    
Dependencies resolved.
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================
 Package                                                 Architecture                                      Version                                              Repository                                               Size
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================
Installing:
 epel-release                                            noarch                                            8-20.el8                                             @commandline                                             24 k

Transaction Summary
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================
Install  1 Package

Total size: 24 k
Installed size: 34 k
Downloading Packages:
Running transaction check
Transaction check succeeded.
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded.
Running transaction
  Preparing        :                                                                                                                                                                                                      1/1 
  Installing       : epel-release-8-20.el8.noarch                                                                                                                                                                         1/1 
  Running scriptlet: epel-release-8-20.el8.noarch                                                                                                                                                                         1/1 
Many EPEL packages require the CodeReady Builder (CRB) repository.
It is recommended that you run /usr/bin/crb enable to enable the CRB repository.

  Verifying        : epel-release-8-20.el8.noarch                                                                                                                                                                         1/1 

Installed:
  epel-release-8-20.el8.noarch                                                                                                                                                                                                

Complete!
[root@mytest001-18-56 yum.repos.d]# sed -i 's|^#baseurl=https://download.example/pub|baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com|' /etc/yum.repos.d/epel*
[root@mytest001-18-56 yum.repos.d]# sed -i 's|^metalink|#metalink|' /etc/yum.repos.d/epel*
[root@mytest001-18-56 yum.repos.d]# yum repolist
repo id                                                                                      repo name
app                                                                                          app		#
appstream                                                                                    Rocky Linux 8 - AppStream
base                                                                                         base
baseos                                                                                       Rocky Linux 8 - BaseOS
epel                                                                                         Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 8 - x86_64
[root@mytest001-18-56 yum.repos.d]# yum list|wc -l
21589
[root@mytest001-18-56 yum.repos.d]#

功能说明：

这些命令行主要是为了配置 Rocky Linux 使用阿里云的镜像源，并安装 EPEL（Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux）仓库。以下是每个命令行的详细解释：

sed -e 's|^mirrorlist=|#mirrorlist=|g' -e 's|^#baseurl=http://dl.rockylinux.org/$contentdir|baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/rockylinux|g' -i.bak /etc/yum.repos.d/Rocky-*.repo
- 使用 sed 命令修改 /etc/yum.repos.d/ 目录下所有以 Rocky- 开头的 .repo 文件。
- 将以 mirrorlist= 开头的行注释掉（前面加 #）。
- 将以 #baseurl=http://dl.rockylinux.org/$contentdir 开头的行替换为 baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/rockylinux。
- 生成一个备份文件（以 .bak 为后缀）。
dnf makecache
- 生成 YUM/DNF 缓存，用于加速后续的软件包操作。
yum list|wc -l
- 列出所有可用的软件包并统计其数量。
ls
- 列出当前目录下的文件和目录。
yum install -y https://mirrors.aliyun.com/epel/epel-release-latest-8.noarch.rpm
- 从阿里云镜像安装最新的 EPEL 仓库。
sed -i 's|^#baseurl=https://download.example/pub|baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com|' /etc/yum.repos.d/epel*
- 使用 sed 命令修改 /etc/yum.repos.d/ 目录下所有以 epel 开头的文件。
- 将以 #baseurl=https://download.example/pub 开头的行替换为 baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com。
sed -i 's|^metalink|#metalink|' /etc/yum.repos.d/epel*
- 将 /etc/yum.repos.d/ 目录下所有以 epel 开头的文件中以 metalink 开头的行注释掉（前面加 #）。
yum repolist
- 列出所有已配置的 YUM 仓库。
yum list|wc -l
- 再次列出所有可用的软件包并统计其数量，以确认镜像源配置成功。

这些步骤通过切换到阿里云镜像源和配置 EPEL 仓库，确保系统可以快速访问并下载需要的软件包。

3.3 yum更新

yum update #更新系统和所有应用
yum upgrade #不更新内核
yum -y install httpd #安装应用
yum upgrade httpd #升级应用
yum info httpd #查询应用信息
yum provides /usr/bin/find #查询应用调用
yum deplist httpd #查询应用依赖
yum remove httpd #删除应用
yum search httpd
yum grouplist

Sample：

[root@mytest001-18-56 yum.repos.d]# yum -y install httpd
Last metadata expiration check: 0:07:07 ago on Wed 17 Jul 2024 05:11:42 PM CST.
Package httpd-2.4.37-64.module+el8.10.0+1717+030a9fed.x86_64 is already installed.
Dependencies resolved.
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================
 Package                                             Architecture                              Version                                                                     Repository                                    Size
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================
Upgrading:
 httpd                                               x86_64                                    2.4.37-65.module+el8.10.0+1830+22f0c9e0                                     appstream                                    1.4 M
 httpd-filesystem                                    noarch                                    2.4.37-65.module+el8.10.0+1830+22f0c9e0                                     appstream                                     43 k
 httpd-tools                                         x86_64                                    2.4.37-65.module+el8.10.0+1830+22f0c9e0                                     appstream                                    111 k

Transaction Summary
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================
Upgrade  3 Packages

Total download size: 1.6 M
Downloading Packages:
(1/3): httpd-filesystem-2.4.37-65.module+el8.10.0+1830+22f0c9e0.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                    212 kB/s |  43 kB     00:00    
(2/3): httpd-tools-2.4.37-65.module+el8.10.0+1830+22f0c9e0.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                         314 kB/s | 111 kB     00:00    
(3/3): httpd-2.4.37-65.module+el8.10.0+1830+22f0c9e0.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                               418 kB/s | 1.4 MB     00:03    
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total                                                                                                                                                                                         462 kB/s | 1.6 MB     00:03     
Running transaction check
Transaction check succeeded.
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded.
Running transaction
  Preparing        :                                                                                                                                                                                                      1/1 
  Running scriptlet: httpd-tools-2.4.37-65.module+el8.10.0+1830+22f0c9e0.x86_64                                                                                                                                           1/1 
  Upgrading        : httpd-tools-2.4.37-65.module+el8.10.0+1830+22f0c9e0.x86_64                                                                                                                                           1/6 
  Running scriptlet: httpd-filesystem-2.4.37-65.module+el8.10.0+1830+22f0c9e0.noarch                                                                                                                                      2/6 
  Upgrading        : httpd-filesystem-2.4.37-65.module+el8.10.0+1830+22f0c9e0.noarch                                                                                                                                      2/6 
  Upgrading        : httpd-2.4.37-65.module+el8.10.0+1830+22f0c9e0.x86_64                                                                                                                                                 3/6 
  Running scriptlet: httpd-2.4.37-65.module+el8.10.0+1830+22f0c9e0.x86_64                                                                                                                                                 3/6 
  Running scriptlet: httpd-2.4.37-64.module+el8.10.0+1717+030a9fed.x86_64                                                                                                                                                 4/6 
  Cleanup          : httpd-2.4.37-64.module+el8.10.0+1717+030a9fed.x86_64                                                                                                                                                 4/6 
  Running scriptlet: httpd-2.4.37-64.module+el8.10.0+1717+030a9fed.x86_64                                                                                                                                                 4/6 
  Cleanup          : httpd-filesystem-2.4.37-64.module+el8.10.0+1717+030a9fed.noarch                                                                                                                                      5/6 
  Cleanup          : httpd-tools-2.4.37-64.module+el8.10.0+1717+030a9fed.x86_64                                                                                                                                           6/6 
  Running scriptlet: httpd-2.4.37-65.module+el8.10.0+1830+22f0c9e0.x86_64                                                                                                                                                 6/6 
  Running scriptlet: httpd-tools-2.4.37-64.module+el8.10.0+1717+030a9fed.x86_64                                                                                                                                           6/6 
  Verifying        : httpd-2.4.37-65.module+el8.10.0+1830+22f0c9e0.x86_64                                                                                                                                                 1/6 
  Verifying        : httpd-2.4.37-64.module+el8.10.0+1717+030a9fed.x86_64                                                                                                                                                 2/6 
  Verifying        : httpd-filesystem-2.4.37-65.module+el8.10.0+1830+22f0c9e0.noarch                                                                                                                                      3/6 
  Verifying        : httpd-filesystem-2.4.37-64.module+el8.10.0+1717+030a9fed.noarch                                                                                                                                      4/6 
  Verifying        : httpd-tools-2.4.37-65.module+el8.10.0+1830+22f0c9e0.x86_64                                                                                                                                           5/6 
  Verifying        : httpd-tools-2.4.37-64.module+el8.10.0+1717+030a9fed.x86_64                                                                                                                                           6/6 

Upgraded:
  httpd-2.4.37-65.module+el8.10.0+1830+22f0c9e0.x86_64                httpd-filesystem-2.4.37-65.module+el8.10.0+1830+22f0c9e0.noarch                httpd-tools-2.4.37-65.module+el8.10.0+1830+22f0c9e0.x86_64               

Complete!
[root@mytest001-18-56 yum.repos.d]#  yum upgrade httpd
Last metadata expiration check: 0:09:19 ago on Wed 17 Jul 2024 05:11:42 PM CST.
Dependencies resolved.
Nothing to do.
Complete!
[root@mytest001-18-56 yum.repos.d]#

3.4 yum 组安装

安装一组相关的工具
在Rocky Linux中，yum 已被 dnf （Dandified Yum）所替代，作为默认的包管理器，提供了更高效的包管理和依赖处理机制。尽管如此，yum 的许多概念和命令在 dnf 中仍有对应的功能。关于组相关的操作，以下是使用 dnf 实现与 yum group 类似功能的命令：

查看所有可用的组:
```
dnf group list
```
查看组的详细信息:
```
dnf group info group_name
```
安装程序组:
```
dnf group install group_name
```
卸载程序组:
```
dnf group remove group_name
```
升级程序组中的软件包:
```
dnf group upgrade group_name
```

请注意，尽管上述命令是在 dnf 环境下使用的，但在一些较旧或特定配置的Rocky Linux系统中，如果依然使用 yum，相关命令可能如下：

查看所有可用的组:
```
yum grouplist
```
查看组的详细信息:
```
yum groupinfo group_name
```
安装程序组:
```
yum groupinstall group_name
```
卸载程序组:
```
yum groupremove group_name
```
检查组更新:
```
yum groupupdate group_name
```

由于 yum 被 dnf 取代，推荐使用 dnf 命令进行操作，以获得更好的性能和兼容性。

Sample：

[root@mytest001-18-56 yum.repos.d]# yum group list
Last metadata expiration check: 0:21:50 ago on Wed 17 Jul 2024 05:11:42 PM CST.
Available Environment Groups:
   Server with GUI
   Minimal Install
   Workstation
   KDE Plasma Workspaces
   Virtualization Host
   Custom Operating System
Installed Environment Groups:
   Server
Installed Groups:
   Container Management
   Development Tools
   Headless Management
   System Tools
Available Groups:
   Fedora Packager
   Xfce
   .NET Core Development
   RPM Development Tools
   Graphical Administration Tools
   Legacy UNIX Compatibility
   Network Servers
   Scientific Support
   Security Tools
   Smart Card Support
[root@mytest001-18-56 yum.repos.d]# yum groupinstall 'Development Tools'
Last metadata expiration check: 0:18:34 ago on Wed 17 Jul 2024 05:11:42 PM CST.
Dependencies resolved.
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================
 Package                                                              Architecture                               Version                                                  Repository                                     Size
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================
Upgrading:
 automake                                                             noarch                                     1.16.1-8.el8                                             appstream                                     713 k
 binutils                                                             x86_64                                     2.30-123.el8                                             baseos                                        5.8 M
 cpp