Python 面向对象 之 封装

面向对象三大特征：

• 封装
• 继承
• 多态

定义类

class MyInfo(object):

    def __init__(self, name, age, gender):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
        self.gender = gender


if __name__ == '__main__':
    show_my_info = MyInfo("zhangwanqiang", 18, "男")
    print(show_my_info.name)
    print(show_my_info.age)
    print(show_my_info.gender)


运行结果：
zhangwanqiang
18
男

封装属性

1.1 属性的封装 一

class MyInfo(object):

    def __init__(self, name, age, gender):
        self.__name = name
        self.__age = age
        self.__gender = gender

    # 为封装的属性，使用getter提供公开的方法
    def get_name(self):
        return self.__name

    def get_age(self):
        return self.__age

    def get_gender(self):
        return self.__gender

    # 为封装的属性，使用setter修改属性的值
    def set_name(self, name):
        self.__name = name

    def set_age(self, age):
        self.__age = age

    def set_gender(self, gender):
        self.__gender = gender

    def __str__(self):
        return "【 name = " + self.__name + ", age = " + str(self.__age) + ", gender = " + self.__gender + "】"


if __name__ == '__main__':
    show_my_info = MyInfo("zhangwanqiang", 18, "男")

    # 调用私有化属性的get方法来访问属性
    print(show_my_info.get_name())
    print(show_my_info.get_age())
    print(show_my_info.get_gender())

    # 调用私有化属性的set方法来访问属性
    show_my_info.set_name("shuaigezhang")
    show_my_info.set_age(19)
    show_my_info.set_gender("男")

    print(show_my_info)


运行结果：
zhangwanqiang
18
男
【 name = shuaigezhang, age = 19, gender = 男】

1.2 属性的封装 二

property

class MyInfo(object):

    def __init__(self, name, age, gender):
        self.__name = name
        self.__age = age
        self.__gender = gender

    def get_name(self):
        return self.__name

    def set_name(self, name):
        self.__name = name

    def get_age(self):
        return self.__age

    def set_age(self, age):
        self.__age = age

    def get_gender(self):
        return self.__gender

    def set_gender(self, gender):
        self.__gender = gender

    # 第二种写法（进一步的伪装封装代码）
    name = property(get_name, set_name)
    age = property(get_age, set_age)
    gender = property(get_gender, set_gender)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    show_my_info = MyInfo("zhangwanqiang", 18, "男")
    # print(show_my_info.get_name())
    # show_my_info.set_name("zhangmazi")
    # print(show_my_info.get_name())

    print(show_my_info.name)
    show_my_info.name = "z3"
    print(show_my_info.name)

    print(show_my_info.age)
    show_my_info.age = 20
    print(show_my_info.age)

    print(show_my_info.gender)
    show_my_info.gender = "boy"
    print(show_my_info.gender)

    
运行结果：
zhangwanqiang
z3
18
20
男
boy

注意：这种方法对属性进行封装，可以混淆用户（感觉没有封装），但是属性确实被封装起来了。

1.3 属性的封装 三

装饰器

class MyInfo(object):

    def __init__(self, name, age, gender):
        self.__name = name
        self.__age = age
        self.__gender = gender

    @property
    def name(self):
        return self.__name

    @name.setter
    def name(self, name):
        self.__name = name

    @property
    def age(self):
        return self.__age

    @age.setter
    def age(self, age):
        self.__age = age

    @property
    def gender(self):
        return self.__gender

    @gender.setter
    def gender(self, gender):
        self.__gender = gender


if __name__ == '__main__':
    show_my_info = MyInfo("zhangwanqiang", 18, "男")
    # print(show_my_info.get_name())
    # show_my_info.set_name("zhangmazi")
    # print(show_my_info.get_name())

    print(show_my_info.name)
    show_my_info.name = "z3"
    print(show_my_info.name)

    print(show_my_info.age)
    show_my_info.age = 20
    print(show_my_info.age)

    print(show_my_info.gender)
    show_my_info.gender = "boy"
    print(show_my_info.gender)

    
运行结果：
zhangwanqiang
z3
18
20
男
boy

总结：在定义类的时候，一定要封装类，也就是一定要私有化属性，提供公开的set\get方法去访问。